Archive for Arabic Literature in the Silver Age
(A.D. 1055-1258)
In Arabic Literature: An Introduction Arabic Literature: An Introduction, H.A.R. Gibb identifies the “Silver Age” of Arabic literature as starting in 1055 A.D. when the “Seljuks or Seljukids consolidated Turkish hegemony in Baghdad” and ending with the extinction of the Caliphate in 1258 A.D. (113, 114). The following is a list of primary and secondary sources about the history of the Silver Age and the literature of the period.
General Information about the People and Important Events the Occurred in the Silver Age
Background: What is the Silver Age and why is it called the Silver Age of Literature?
1. Description of the period and the label “Silver Age” and decline in quality of literature.
Gibb, H.A.R. Arabic Literature: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1963. Print. ISBN 0198813325.
Events and People of the Silver Age in General.
1. The Seljuks and expansion of the Seljuk Dynasty in the Middle East-a general discussion.
“Seljuk Turks.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 1 March 2011. http://www.britannica.com/Ebchecked/topic/533602/Seljuq.
2. A general overview of the history of the Seljuk dynasty.
Mostyn, Trevor, ed. “The Seljuks.” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988. 65-66. Print. ISBN 0521321905.
3. Analysis of the religious and political ideology of the Seljuks.
Safi, Omid. The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry. Chapel Hill: UNCP, 2006. ISBN 0807856576.
4. A map depicting the geographic areas that were part of the Seljuk Dynasty.
“Central Asia.” The Islamic World to 1600. UCalgary, 1998. Web. 2 Mar. 2011. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/fractured/centralAsia.html.
- Map of the Seljuk Empire
(for additional information on the Seljuq Turks, also see original work by Zahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpuri listed below).
Saladin and his history, including the Crusades.
- Saladin
1. A general description of who Saladin was and how he ruled and fought.
“Saladin.” Islam: Empire of Faith. PBS. Web. 1 March 2011. http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/profilessaladin.html
2. A discussion of Arabic writers who wrote about the life of Saladin.
Gibb, H.A.R. “The Arabic Sources for the Life of Saladin.” Speculum 25.1 (1950): 58-72. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2850004.
3. A discussion of what contemporaries of Saladin wrote about him and how he was viewed.
Holt, P. M. “Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 46.2 (1983): 235-239. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/615389.
4. A discussion of his “jihad’ and moment of religious awakening.
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh, 1999. Print. 180-185. ISBN 97080748606306.
5. A discussion of what Arabic writers wrote with respect to assassination attempts against Saladin.
Lewis, Bernard. “Saladin and the Assassins.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 15.2 (1953): 239-245. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/608550.
6. About the Rise of Saladin and his call for a united Islam.
Madden, Thomas. The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham: Rowman, 2006. Print. 68-78. ISBN 9780742538238.
7. A book about Saladin’s life based on the work of Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad and Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani.
Gibb, Hamilton. The Life of Saladin. London: Saqi, 1973. ISBN 9780863569289.
(For additional information about Saladin, also see original work by Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Al Qadi al Fadil, Zahīr Nīshāpūrī, Ibn Al-Athir, Tahir al-Salumi and others listed below).
Nur al-Din ibn Zangi and his history, including the Crusades.
1. A brief biography of Nur al-Din ibn Zangi.
Schulltz, Warren. “Nur al-Din ibn Zangi.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 568. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. About Nur al-Din ibn Zangi as a ruler and leader based on writings by an anonymous Syrian.
H. A. R. Gibb. “The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle. Trans. A. S. Tritton. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 (1933). 273-305. JSTOR. Web. 5 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25194766.
3. About Nur al-Din ibn Zangi as a ruler and leader and various successful campaigns in Syria against the crusaders.
Maloof, Amin. The Crusades through Arab Eyes. Trans. Jon Rothschild. New York: Shocken, 1984. Print. 143-158. ISBN 0805208904.
4. More about Nur al-Din and unification of the Muslims.
Madden, Thomas. The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham: Rowman, 2006. Print. 63-68. ISBN 9780742538238.
The Crusades- Arab Viewpoints.
- Saladin and Richard the Lionheart
1. About the Crusades and Muslim Hostility to the Franks.
Christie, Niall. “Crusades.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1.Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 184-185. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
2. A discussion of Arabic writers who wrote about the Crusades and their depiction of the events and historical figures.
Maalouf, Amin. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Trans. Jon Rothschild. London: Schocken, 1989. Print. ISBN 0805208904.
3. A general and comprehensive work that addresses Islamic perspectives of the Crusades, including those of some of the authors listed in this archive.
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009. Print. ISBN 97080748606306.
4. About Islam and the Crusades.
Irwin, Robert. “Islam and the Crusades 1096-1699.” The Oxford History of the Crusdaes. Ed. Jonathan Riley-Smith. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. 211-257. Print. ISBN 9780192803122.
(For additional information about the Crusades, especially through accounts by Arab writers, also see original work by Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, Al-‘Imad al-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani, Tahir al-Salumi, Al Qadi al Fadil, Ibn Al-Athir, Ibn Al Qalanisi, Usama ibn Munqidh, and others listed below).
The Mamluk Soldiers.
- A Mamluk Soldier
1. A discussion of the Mamluks and their military power.
Ayalon, David. “The Mamlūks of the Seljuks: Islam’s Military Might at the Crossroads.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (3rd Series) 6.3 (Nov., 1996), pp. 305-. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25183239.
2. A discussion of the history and organization of the Mamluk army in Egypt in the Middle Ages.
Ayalon, David. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army –I.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 15. 2 (1953). 203-228. JSTOR. Web. 2 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/608548?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
3. More information about the history and organization of the Mamluk army in Egypt in the Middle Ages.
Ayalon, David. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army –II.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 15.3 (1953). 448-476. JSTOR. Web. 2 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/608649?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
4. The history of the Mamluks in Egypt.
Levanoni, Amalia. “The Mamluks’ Ascent to Power in Egypt.” Studia Islamica 72 (1990). 121-144 JSTOR. Web. 2 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1595777.
5. Mamluk warfare and military arts-including pictures and diagrams.
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2009. 445-450. Print. ISBN 97080748606306.
The Ayyubid Dynasty.
1. Generally about the Ayyubid Dynasty.
R. S. Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: the Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. Albany: State U NY P, 1977. Print. ISBN 9781597404648. (also available as an E-Book through ACLS Humanities).
2. More about the establishment and history of the Ayyubid Dynasty.
Schultz, Warren. “Ayyubids.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 85. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
Muslims in Spain.
- The Mosque of Cordoba
1. A general history of Muslims in Spain in the Middle Ages.
Makki, Mahmoud. “The Political History of Al-Andalus.” The Legacy of Muslim Spain, 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Ed. Salma Khandra Jayyusi. Leiden: Brill, 1992. 3-87. Print. ISBN 9004095993.
2. A documentary about Muslims in Spain.
“Cities of Light: the Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain. PBS. Web. 8 May 2011. http://www.pbs.org/programs/citiesoflight/
Literary legacy of sufism in medieval times.
1. Sufism and Ibn ‘Arabi’s legacy.
McGregor, Richard J. A. Sanctity and Mysticism in Medieval Egypt: The Wafa Sufi Order and the Legacy of Ibn Arabi. Albany: State U NY P, 2004. Web. 6 May 2011. http://www.bandung2.co.uk/books/Files/Religion/Sanctity%20and%20Mysticism%20in%20Medieval%20Egypt%20(The%20Waf%C3%A5%20Sufi%20Orderand%20The%20Legacy%20of%20Ibn%20Arabi).pdf
2. About sufism in general.
Meisami, J. S. “Sufism.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 740-741. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
Literature in the Silver Age in General: development of literature, literary devices and genre.
Muslim Literature in Spain in General.
1. A general description of Muslim literature in Spain in the Middle Ages.
Alvarez, L. “Spain.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 730-734. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. More on Muslim literature in Spain and its legacy.
Jayyusi, Salma Khandra, ed. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1992. Print. ISBN 9789004119451.
3. About the “Bronze Era” of Moslem Spain
Della Vida, G. Levi. “The ‘Bronze Era’ in Moslem Spain.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 63.3 (1943): 183-191. JSTOR. Web. 20 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/593870.
Literary Devices and Genre of the period.
1. Discussion of the use of allusion and intertextuality in poetry, especially by mystics.
Heindrichs, W.P. “Allusion and Intertextuality.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 81-83. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. The zajal in medieval poetry in general and Ibn Quzman’s use of the zajal in particular.
Alvarez, L. “Medieval Zajal.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 818-819. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
3. The autobiography in Medieval Arabic Literature.
Reynolds, Dwight F. ed. Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Berkeley: U Cal. P., 2001. Print. ISBN 0520226674.
4. About biographical dictionaries of the period.
Nawas, John. “Biography and Biographical Works.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 110-112. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
5. The development of the maqāma in medieval Arabic literature.
Katsumata, Naoya. “The Style of the Maqāma: Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Syriac.” Middle Eastern Literatures 5.2 (2002) 117-137. Academic Search Complete (EBSCO). Web. 11 Apr. 2011. www.dickinson.edu
6. Persian Historiography and the Saljuks.
Meisami, Julie Scott. “History as Literature.” Iranian Studies. 33. 1/2 (2000) 15-30. JSTOR. Web. 1 may 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4311332?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
Notable Writers of the Silver Age.
(grouped by geographic region)
Iraq and Persia.
Abu Shama (1203-1267CE).
1. A brief biography of Abu Shama.
“Abu Shama.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Andrew Holt, June 2005. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/abushama.html.
2. About him and his work.
Hirschler, Konrad. “Abu Shama, ‘Abd Al-Raman Ibn Ismail Abu Muhammad Shihab al-Din.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 10-11. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
3. Original Work-his autobiography.
Abu Shama. The Life of Abu Shama. Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Ed. Dwight Reynolds. Trans. Joseph Lowry. Berkeley: U Cal. P., 2001. 182-187. Print. ISBN 0520226674.
4. About his work.
Hirschler, Konrad. “Pre-Eighteenth-Century Traditions of Revivalism: Damascus in the Thirteenth Century.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 68. 2 (2005). 195-214. JSTOR. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20181912.
‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162-1231 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“‘Abd al-Latif ibn Yusuf al-Baghdadi, Muwaffaq al-Din Abu Muhammad.” Medieval Islamic Civilizatio: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 2-3. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
2. Original Work-His autobiography.
Neuwirth, Angelika. ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi. “Selections from the Autograph Notes of ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi.” Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Ed. Dwight Reynolds. Trans. Shawka Toorawa Berkeley: U of CP, 2001. 157-164. Print. ISBN 0520226674.
3. About his work.
Joosse, N. Peter and Peter E. Pormann. “Decline and Decadence in Iraq and Syria after the Age of Avicenna? ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (1162-1231) between Myth and History.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 84. 1 (2010) 1-29. Project Muse. Web. 29 Mar. 2010. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/bhm/summary/v084/84.1.joosse.html.
Al-Ghazali (1055-1111 CE).
1. His life and importance as a philosopher.
Griffel, Frank. “Al-Ghazali.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, 2007. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al-ghazali/.
2. His life and his philosophy.
“Abu Hamid al-Ghazali.” Al-Ghazali’s Website. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.ghazali.org/articles/gz1.htm.
3. His philosophy.
Nofal, Nabil. “Al-Ghazali.” Prospects 23.3-4 (1993): 519-542. PDF. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/ghazalie.pdf.
4. His original work- The Alchemy of Happiness:
Al Ghazzali. The Alchemy of Happiness. Claud Field, Trans. Web. 1 March 2011. http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/tah/index.htm.
5. Original Work- The Incoherence of Philosophers.
Al Ghazzali. The Incoherence of Philosophers, 2nd Ed. Michael Marmura, Trans. Provo: Brigham Young UP, 2000. ISBN 9780842524667
6. About his philosophy.
Albertini, Tamara. “Crisis and Certainty of Knowledge in Al-Ghazal (1058-1111) and Descartes (1596-1650).” Philosophy East and West 55.1 (2005): 1-14. Project Muse. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pew/summary/v055/55.1albertini.html.
7. A comparison of Al-Ghazali’s philosophy to that of St. Thomas Aquinas.
Ghazanfar, Shaikh M. “The Economic Thought of Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali and St. Thomas Aquinas: Some Comparative Parallels and Links.” 32.4 (2000): 857-888. Project Muse. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hpe/summary/v032/32.4ghazanfar.html.
Al-Hariri of Basra (1054-1122 CE).
facsimile of illustration from Maqamat of al-Hariri
1. A brief biography.
Drory, R. “al-Hariri (446-515/1054-1122).” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 272-273. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. Original Work-Maqamat.
Al-Harari of Basra. Maqamat. Medieval Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Halsall. Fordham (1998). Web. 17 Feb. 2011 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/1100Hariri.html.
3. Another excerpt of original work.
Al-Harari of Basra. Maqamat. Trans. R.A. Nicholson. Introduction to Classical Arabic Literature: With Selections for Representative Works in English Translation. Ilse Lichtenstadter. New York: Shocken, 1976. 340-341. Print. ISBN 0805205500.
4. About his work-panegyrics.
Von Grunebaum, Gustav. “Observations on City Panegyrics in Arabic Prose.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 64. 2 (1944). 61-65. JSTOR. Web. 2 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/594729.
5. More about his work.
Young, Douglas. “Preachers and Poets: The Popular Sermon in the Andalusī Maqāma.” Journal of Arabic Literature 34. /2 (2003). 190-205. JSTOR. Web. 2 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183482.
Az-Zamakhshari (1075-1144 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Rippin, A. “al-Zamakhshari (467-538/1075-1144).” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 820-821. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. About his work.
Ibrahim, Lutpi. “The Questions of the Superiority of Angels and Prophets between az-Zamakhsharī and al- Bayḍāwī.” Arabica, 28.1 (1981): 65-75. JSTOR. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4056651.
3. Original work-excerpt from “The Discoverer of Truth.”
Zamakhshari. “The Discoverer of Truth.” Medieval Sourcebook. Paul Halsall, ed. Fordham (1998). Web. 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/1100Hariri.html.
4. About his commentary on the Koran, with excerpts from al-Kashshaf.
Lane, Andrew. A Traditional Mu’tazilite Qur’an Commentary: The Kashshaf of Jar Allah Al-zamakhshari (D538/1144) (Texts and Studies on the Qur’an). Leiden: Brill, 2005. Print. ISBN 9789004147003.
Baha ad-Din ibn ibn Shaddad (1145-1234 CE).
1. A short biography and discussion of his works.
“Baha ad-Din.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Holt (2005). Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/bahaaddin.html.
2. Original Work-The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin.
Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad. The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. Trans. D.S. Richards. Surrey: Ashgate, 2002. Print. ISBN 0754633810.
3. Original work-excerpt.
Baha ad-Din. “ The Arrival of the Kings of France and England.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1984. 212-214. Print. 0520052242.
4. Original Work-excerpt.
Baha ad-Din. “ Saladin’s Character.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1984. 87-113. Print. 0520052242.
Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (1125-1201 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Imad ad-Din.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Holt (2005). Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/imadaldin.htm.
2. Original Work-excerpt.
Imad ad-Din. “The Sultan Saladin and His Army Enter Frankish Territory.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1984. 125-139. Print. ISBN 0520052242.
3. Original Work-Excerpt.
Imad ad-Din. “Frankish Women of Peace and War.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1984. 204-207. Print. ISBN 0520052242.
4. Original Work-His Autobiography.
Al-‘Imad al-Din al-Katib al-Isfahani. The Pen and the Sword. Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Ed. Dwight Reynolds. Trans. Nasser Rabat. Berkeley: U Cal. P., 2001. 146-155. Print. ISBN 0520226674.
Nizam al-Mulk (1018/19-1093 CE).
- Al-Mulk Being Warned of Assassins
1. A brief biography.
“Nizām al-Mulk.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416541/Nizam-al-Mulk.
2. Original Work- The Book of Government or Rules for Kings.
Al-Mulk, Nizam. The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al Muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk. Trans, Hubert Darke. Richmond: Curzon, 2002. Print. ISBN 9780700712281.
3. About his work- The Book of Government or Rules for Kings.
Lambton, A. K. S. “The Dilemma of Government in Islamic Persia: The “Siyāsat-nāma” of Nizām al-Mulk.” Iran 22 (1984). 55-66. JSTOR. Web. 3 Apr. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4299736.
4. More about his work.
Yavari, Neguin. “Mirrors for Princes or a Hall of Mirrors? Nizām al-Mulk’s Siyar al-muluk Reconsidered.” Al-Masaq: Islam & the Medieval Mediterranean 20.1 (2008): 47-69. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 4 Apr. 2011.
Zahīr al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī.
1. About his work.
Meisami, Julie Scott. Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U P, 1999. 141-281. Print. ISBN 978074612765.
2. Original Work- The Saljuq-nama.
Nīshāpūrī, Zahīr al-Dīn. The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami al-Tawarikh. Ed. C. Edmund Bosworth. Trans, Kenneth Luther. London: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 9780415583121.
Egypt and Syria.
Al-Qadi Al-Fadil (1131-1199 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Al Qadi al Fadil.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Andrew Holt, June 2005. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/alqadialfadil.html.
2. About his advice to Saladin concerning Saladin’s policy of expansionism, called “jihad.”.
Hillenbrand, Carole. The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Edinburgh: Edinburgh, 1999. Print. 184. ISBN 97080748606306.
3. About his work.
Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia. “Egypt and the Egyptians: A Focal Point in the Policies and Literature of Al-Qāḍī Al-Fāḍil.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 36.1 (1977). 25-38. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/544124.
4. About his work.
La Viere Leiser, Gary. “The Crusader Raid in the Red Sea in 578/1182-83.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 14 (1977). 87-100. JSTOR. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40000370.
5. A letter from Saladin to the Imaum Nassir Del-din-illah Aboul Abbas Ahmed, containing the account of the Conquest of Jerusalem and Battle of Tiberias written by al Fadil.
Cadi Alfadel. “Letter from Saladin.” Ed. Joseph Michaud. The History of the Crusades. Vol. III. Trans. W. Robson. New York: A.C. Armstrong, 1881. 372-376. Crusades Encyclopedia. Andrew Holt, June 2005. Web. 22 Mar. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/letterfromsaladin.html.
Ibn Al-Athir (1160-1233 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Ibn Al-Athir.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Holt (2005). Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/ibnalathir.html.
2. Original work-“On the Tatars.”
Ibn Al-Athir. “Ibn al-Athir: On the Tatars, 1220-1221 CE.” Medieval Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Halsall. Fordham (1998). Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1220al-Athir-mongols.html
3. Original work-Excerpt from The Perfect History.
Ibn Al-Athir. The Perfect History. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Norton, 2010. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.wwnorton.com/college /english/nael/middleages/topic_3/alathir.htm.
4. Original work-Excerpt.
Ibn Al-Athir. “Saladin’s Treatment of the Templars and Hospitallers, Beheading Them and Causing General Rejoicing at their Extermination.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1984. 138-146. Print. ISBN 0520052242.
5. About the accuracy of information about the Crusades in Al-Athir’s writings.
Gibb, H.A.R. “Notes on the Arabic Materials for the History of the Early Crusades.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 7.4 (1935): 739-754. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/608267.
Omar ibn al-Farid (1181-1235 CE).
1. About him and his work.
“Umar Ibn al-Farid.” Poetry Chaikhana. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/I/IbnalFaridUm/index.htm.
2. Original Work-“The Jumiyah.”
Ibn Al-Farid. “The Jumiyah.” Trans. W. Thackston. Introduction to Classical Arabic Literature: With Selections for Representative Works in English Translation. Ilse Lichtenstadter. New York: Shocken, 1976. 312-314. Print. ISBN 0805205500.
3. About the “Wine Song.”
Sefi, A. and ‘Umar ibn al-Farid. “Khamriyyah (The Wine Song) of Shaykh ‘Umar Ibn Al-Fāriḍ (577-632 A. H.).” Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 2.2 (1922): 235-248. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable /607760?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
Ibn Khallikan (1211-1282 CE).
“Ibn Khallikān.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/280795/Ibn-Khallikan.
2. Original Work-Excerpts from Biographical Dictionary.
Ibn Khallikan. Biographical Dictionary. Humanistic Texts. Web. 1 Mar. 2011. http://www.humanistictexts.org/ibn_khallikan.htm#_Toc483887013.
3. About his work- the Wafayāt al-A’yān.
Fahndrich, Hartmut E. “The Wafayāt al-A’yān of Ibn Khallikān: A New Approach.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 93. 4 (1973): 432-445. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/600163.
4. More about his work.
Hillenbrand, Carole. “Some Medieval Islamic Approaches to Source Material: The Evidence of a 12th Century Chronicle.” Oriens. 27/28 (1981). 197-225. JSTOR. Web. 24 Mar. 011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1580567.
Ibn al-Qalanisi (1073-1160 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Ibn Al Qalanisi.” Crusades-Encyclopedia. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/ibnalqalanisi.html.
2. Original Work-Excerpts from The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades.
Gibb, H.A.R. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi. New York: Dover, 2003. ISBN 978-0486425191
3. Original Work-“The Second Crusade: the Siege of Damascus, 1148” from The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades.
Ibn al-Qalanisi. “The Second Crusade: the Siege of Damascus,1148.” Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/259/texts/qalanisi.htm.
4. Original Work-about Nur ad-Din.
Ibn al-Qalanisi. “Nur ad-Din’s Victories and his Triumph at Damascus.” Arab Historians of the Crusades. Francesco Gabrieli, trans. Berkeley: UCP, 1998. 464-72. Print. ISBN 0520052242.
5. Muslim sources (including al-Qalanisi)–invocation of God’s curse on Franks.
Christie, Niall. “The Origins of Suffixed Invocations of God’s Curse on the Franks in Muslim Sources for the Crusades.” Arabica 48. 2 (2001): 254-266. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4057613.
Kamal al-Din Ibn al-Adim (1192-1262 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Morray, David. “Ibn al-Adim, Kamal al-Dim Abu Hafs Umar B. Amad.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 342. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
2. About his work.
Lewis, Bernard. “Kamāl al-dīn’s biography of Rāšid al-dīn Sinān.” Arabica 13. 3 (1966). 225-267. JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. www.jstor.org/stable/4055926.
3. About his work and excerpts from original work- An Ayyubid Notable and his World.
Morray, David W., An Ayyubid Notable and his World: Ibn al-’Adim and Aleppo as Portrayed in His Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994. Print.
4. Original Work- His Autobiography.
Ibn al-‘Adim. Irshad. Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Ed. Dwight Reynolds. Trans. Nuha N.N. Khoury. Berkeley: U Cal. P., 2001. 169-178. Print.
Moses Maimonides (1135-1204 CE).
(Born in Cordoba, Spain, but lived most of his life in Egypt.)
1. A brief biography.
“Moses Maimonides.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/358539/Moses-Maimonides.
2. Original work- Guide for the Perplexed.
Maimonides, Moses. The Guide for the Perplexed. Trans. M. Friedländer. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/index.htm.
3. About his work.
Broadie, A. “The Moral Philosophy of Maimonides.” Journal of Medical Ethics 14. 4 (1988). 200-203. JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716741.
4. About his work-Guide for the Perplexed.
Ivry, Alfred. “Strategies of Interpretation in Maimonides’ ‘Guide of the Perplexed’.” Jewish History 6. 1/2. JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20101124.
5. A comparison of the philosophies of Al-Ghazzālī, Maimonides, and Ibn Paquda.
Stern, M. S. “Al-Ghazzālī, Maimonides, and Ibn Paquda on Repentance: A Comparative Model.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 47.4 (1979) 589-607. JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1462276.
Tahir al-Salumi (d. 1106 CE).
1. About his life and works.
Holt, Andrew. “Tahir al-Salumi.” Crusades-Encyclopedia (2005). Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.crusades-encyclopedia.com/ibntahiralsulami.html.
2. Original Works-Kitab al-Jihad excerpt calling for jihad against Crusaders.
Christie, Niall. “Translation of Extracts from the Kitab al-Jihad of ‘Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami (d. 1106).” Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/ prh3/447/texts/Sulami.html.
3. About his criticism of the passiveness of Muslim rulers in opposing Crusade.
Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia. “Some Medieval Accounts of Salah al-Din’s Recovery of Jerusalem (Al-Quds).” Studia Palaestina : Studies in honour of Constantine K. Zurayk . Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1988. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/salahdin.html.
Usama ibn Munqidh (1095-1188 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Usama ibn Munqidh.” Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://www.iun.edu/~histjbp/Hist113Readi… ArabViewCrusaders.html.
2. Original Work- Autobiography.
Usama Ibn Munqidh. “Autobiography.” Medieval Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Halsall. Fordham (1998). Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ source/usamah2.html.
3. Original Work-Book of Contemplation.
Usama Ibn Munqidh. Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades: The Writings of Usama ibn Munqidh. Trans. Paul M. Cobb. New York: Penguin, 2008. Print. ISBN 978-0140455137
4. Original Work-An Arab-Syrian Warrior in the Period of the Crusades.
Usamah ibn Munqidh. An Arab-Syrian Warrior in the Period of the Crusades. Trans. Philip K. Hitti. New York: Columbia UP, 2000. Print.
Yaqut (1179-1229 CE).
1. A short biography and discussion of his works.
Al-White, Robert C. “Early Geographical Dictionaries.” Geographical Review 58.4 (1968): 652-659. JSTOR. Web. 21 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/212687.
2. About his work as a geographer.
Kolesnikov, Aliy. “The Early Muslim Geographers on the Ethnic Situation in Khurasan (IX-XIII Centuries A.D.).” Iran & the Caucasus 1 (1997): 17-24. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4030733.
3. About Dictionary of Learned Men with excerpts.
Margoliuth, David. The Irshad Al-Arib Ila Ma’rifat Al-Adib V1: Or Dictionary Of Learned Men Of Yaqut. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2010. Print. ISBN 9781160021838
Ibn ‘Abd Al-Zahir (1233-1293).
1. A brief biography.
“Historians of Egypt.” MuslimHeritage.com. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=645.
2. About his work.
Holt, P. M. “The Position and Power of the Mamlūk Sultan.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 38. 2 (1975). 237-249. JSTOR. 16 Mar. 2011 http://www.jstor.org/stable/613211.
Sicily.
Sharif Idrisi (1100-1165/66 CE).
- Map of the Known World at the Time of Al-Idrisi
- 1. A brief biography.
- “ash-Sharīf al-Idrīsī.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi….
2. About the author and his work (his account of the British Isles).
Beeston, A. F. L. “Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 13. 2 (1950): 265-280. JSTOR. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/609275.
3. More about the author and his work and his role as the greatest medieval geographer.Tolmacheva, Marina. “Idrisi.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 379-381. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
4. About Roger II of Spain (who brought Idrisi to Palermo as geographer royal).
Wieruszowski, Helene. “Roger II of Sicily, Rex-Tyrannus, In Twelfth-Century Political Thought.” Speculum 38.1 (1963): 46-78. JSTOR. Web. 20 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2851498.
5. About the Book of Roger.
Gies, Frances. “Al-Idrisi and Roger’s Book.” SaudiAramco World 28.4 (1977). Web. 6 Mar. 2011. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197704/al-idrisi.and.roger.s.book.htm
Ibn Hamdis (1055-1133 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Granara, William. “Ibn Hamdis.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 355-356. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
2. About his work and his memories of Sicily.
Granara, William. “Remaking Muslim Sicily: Ibn Hamdis and the Poetics of Exile.” Edebiyat 9 (1998) 167-198). EBSCO. Web. 25 Mar. 2011.
Ibn Zafar (1104-1170-73 CE).
Frontispiece From A Manuscript Of The Sulwan Al-Muta’ Of Ibn Zafar: Three Young Hunters
1. A brief biography.
Bosworth, C. E. “Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli (497-565 or 568/1104-70 or 1172-3).” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 383. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. About his work.
Dekmijian, R. Hrair and Adel Fathy Thabit. “Machiavelli’s Arab Precursor: Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 27.2 (2000): 125-137. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/826088.
3. About The Just Prince.
Kechichian, Joseph and R. Hrair Dekmijian. Explanation of The Just Prince: A Manual of Leadership. London: Saqi (2003). Print. ISBN 978-0863567834.
4. The Arabic Beast Fable in Zafar’s Writing.
Irwin, Robert. “The Arabic Beast Fable.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 55 (1992): 36-50. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/751419.
Spain-Andalusia.
Ibn Arabi (1165-1240 CE).
1. A short biography.
Chittick, William. “Ibn Arabi.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, 2008. Web. 18 Feb. 2011. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-arabi/.
2. More about his early life.
Elmore, Gerald. “New Evidence on the Early Life of Ibn al-Arabī.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 117. 2 (1997): 347-349. JSTOR. Web. 7 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/605498.
3. About his works.
Chittick, William. “The Disclosure of the Intervening Image: Ibn ‘Arabî on Death.” Discourse 24.1 (2002): 51-62. Project Muse. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals /dis/summary/v024/24.1chittick.html.
4. Discussion of Arabi’s insight into dreams, visions and prophetic process.
Halligan, Fredrica. “The Creative Imagination of the Sufi Mystic, Ibn ‘Arabi.” Journal of Religion and Health 40.2 (2001) 275-287. JSTOR. Web. 7 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27511533.
5. Arabi and Sufi Thought.
Almond, Ian. “The Shackles of Reason: Sufi/Deconstructive Opposition to Rational Thought.” Philosophy East and West 53.1 (2003) 22-38. Project Muse. Web. 11 Mar. 2011. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pew/summary….
Al-Harizi (1160-1230 CE).
1. About him and his life.
Decter, Jonathan. “Judah al-Harizi.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 314. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
2. About his work.
Lavi, Abraham. “The Rationale of al-Ḥarīzī in Biblicizing the Maqāmāt of al-Ḥarīrī.” The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 74. 3 (1984) 280-293. JSTOR. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1454198.
3. More about his work-unpublished poems.
Stern, S. M. “Some Unpublished Poems by al-Harizi.” The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series50. 3 (1960). 269-276. JSTOR. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1452926.
4. About “Poem 110.”
Reichert, Victor E. “Notes on Judah Al-Harizi’s Poem # 110 of the Fiftieth Makama or Gate of the Tahkemoni.” The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 63.1 (1972). 48-50. JSTOR. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1453352.
Ibn Jubair (1145-1217 CE).
1. A brief biography.
“Ibn Jubayr.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/280781/Ibn-Jubayr.
2. Original Work-The Travels of Ibn Jubayr.
Ibn Jubayr. The Travels of Ibn Jubayr. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.arts.cornell.edu /prh3 /259/texts/jubayr.htmhttp://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/259/texts/jubayr.htm.
3. About his work.
Richard, Ian. “Basic Structures and Signs of Alienation in the “Riḥla” of Ibn Jubayr.” Journal of Arabic Literature 22.1 (1991): 21-37. JSTOR. Web. 14 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183233.
Ibn Quzman (1078-1160 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Ibn Quzmān.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/ EBchecked/topic/280818/Ibn-Quzman.
2. About his work-the diwan.
Abu-Haidar, J.A. “The Diminutives in the “dīwān” of Ibn Quzmān: A Product of Their Hispanic Milieu?” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 52.2 (1989): 239-254. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/617217.
3. About his works and his zajals.
Young, Douglas C. “Ibn Quzman, Abu Bakr Ibn ‘Abd Al-Malik.” Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Ed. Joseph Meri. New York: Routledge, 2006. 364-365. Print. ISBN 0415966914.
4. More about his work and the zajal.
Irwin, Robert, ed. Night & Horses & the Desert: An Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature. New York: Anchor, 1999. 278-283. Print. ISBN 0385721552.
5. About his use of the zajal.
Monroe, James and Mark F. Pettigrew. “The Decline of Courtly Patronage and the Appearance of New Genres in Arabic Literature: The Case of the Zajal, the Maqāma, and the Shadow Play.” Journal of Arabic Literature 34. 1/2 (2003): 138-177. JSTOR. Web. 12 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183480.
6. About two poems that he wrote.
Farrin, Raymond. “Season’s Greetings: Two “‘ID” Poems by Ibn Quzmān.” Journal of Arabic Literature 35. 3 (2004): 247-269. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183520.
7. About the meter of his poems.
Gorton, T. J. “The Metre of Ibn Quzmān: A ‘Classical’ Approach’.” Journal of Arabic Literature, 6. (1975): 1-29. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4182934.
8. Analysis of his work.
Lévi-Provençal, E. “Something New on Ibn Quzmān.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2 (1944): 105-118. JSTOR. Web. 17 Feb. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25221969.
Ibn Rushd (Averros) (1126-1198 CE).
1. A brief biography.
”Ibn Rusd.” The Window: Philosophy on the Internet. Web. 6 Mar. 2011. http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/rushd.html.
2. Original work-Excerpt from On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy.
“Ibn Rushd (Averroës), 1126-1198 CE: Religion & Philosophy, c. 1190 CE.” Medieval Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Halsall Fordham (1998). Web. 20 Feb. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1190averroes.html.
3. Original Work-The Incoherence of the Incoherence.
Averros. The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Squibd. Web. 6 Mar. 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/2900988/Averroes-The-Incoherence-of-the-Incoherence-Tahafut-al-Tahafut.
4. About Ibn Rusd’s contribution to the development of rhetorical tradition in western Europe.
Borrowman, Shane. ” The Islamization of Rhetoric: Ibn Rushd and the Reintroduction of Aristotle in Medieval Europe.” Rhetoric Review 27.4 (2008) 341-360. Academic Search Complete (EBSCO). Web. 11 Apr. 2011.
Ibn Sa’id (1213-1286 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Wasserstein, D.J. “Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi (610-85/1213-86).” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 368. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. Excerpt from Book of the Maghrib.
Ibn Said. Book of the Maghrib. Medieval Sourcebook. Ed. Paul Halsall Fordham (1998). Web. 20 Feb. 2011. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/maghrib.html.
3. About his work.
Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. “Ṣā’id al Andalusī: Abū al Qāsim Ṣā’id ibn abī al Walīd Ahmad ibn ‘Abd alRahmān ibn Muhammad ibn Ṣā’id al-Taghlibī alQurṭubī.” Web. 6 Mar. 2011. http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Said_al-Andalusi_BEA.htm.
4. Original Work- The Banners of Champions.
Ibn Sa’id Al-Maghribi and James Bellamy. The Banners of the Champions: An Anthology of Medieval Arabic Poetry from Andalusia and Beyond. Trans. Patrica Steiner. Madison: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies , 1989. ISBN 9780940639270.
Ibn Zaydun (1033-1071 CE).
- Ibn Zaydun
1. A brief biography.
Alvarez, L. “Ibn Zaydun (394-463/1003-70).” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 384. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. About his work.
Jayyusi, Salma Khandra. “Andalusi Poetry: The Golden Period.” The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Ed. Salma Khandra Jayyusi. Leiden: Brill, 1992. 317-366. Print. ISBN 9004095993.
3. About his poem-the “Nuniyya.”
Farrin, Raymond. “The “Nūniyya” of Ibn Zaydūn: A Structural and Thematic Analysis.” Journal of Arabic Literature. 34. 1/2 (2003), pp. 82-106. JSTOR. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183477?orig….
4. About the “Nuniyya.”
Lug, Sieglinde. “Toward a Definition of Excellence in Classical Arabic Poetry: An Analysis of Ibn Zaydūn’s Nūniyya.” Journal of the American Oriental Society 101.3 (1981). 331-345. JSTOR. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/602595.
Moses Ibn Ezra (1055-1135 CE).
1. A brief biography.
Scheindlin, R.P. “Moses ibn Ezra.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Eds. Julie Meisami and Paul Starkey. New York: Routledge, 2010. 532. Print. ISBN 9780415571135.
2. About his work and his life.
Brody, H. “Moses ibn Ezra: Incidents in His Life.” The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series 24. 4 (1934) 309-320. JSTOR. Web. 25 Mar. 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1451851.
3. Original Work-Collection of his Poems.
Ibn Ezra, Moses. “A Selection of his Poems.” Medieval Hebrew Poetry. Henry Rasouf, Ed. Web. 25 Mar. 2011. http://www.medievalhebrewpoetry.org.
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