{"id":4715,"date":"2022-12-01T12:12:54","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T12:12:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/?page_id=4715"},"modified":"2022-12-01T12:14:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-01T12:14:03","slug":"end-of-war","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/course-syllabus\/end-of-war\/","title":{"rendered":"End of War"},"content":{"rendered":"

Louis Masur begins the final chapter of his book,\u00a0The Civil War: A Concise History\u00a0<\/em>(2011) with a powerful opening line: \u201cOn January 11, 1865, Robert E. Lee wrote a letter that would have been unthinkable three years earlier.\u201d \u00a0The reference is to Lee\u2019s endorsement for the use of\u00a0black troops, a move that most Confederates had previously resisted. \u00a0But as Masur points out, the belated decision, finally approved in March 1865 (just weeks before Lee\u2019s surrender at Appomattox) demonstrated \u201cperhaps\u201d the \u201cstrength of Confederate nationalism\u201d (76). \u00a0In other words, the question had always been which motivated Confederates more, a desire for their own political\u00a0rights\u00a0or the continuation of\u00a0slavery? \u00a0In recent years, there has been an explosion of controversy over the particular subject of \u201cBlack Confederates.\u201d \u00a0The debate mainly concerns\u00a0whether they existed at all before the spring of\u00a01865. \u00a0Here is one image frequently circulated over the Internet:<\/p>\n

\"Black<\/a><\/p>\n

But here is the original version of the same image, unaltered, showing that these alleged \u201cBlack Confederates\u201d from 1861 were actually Union soldiers in training near Philadelphia in 1864.<\/p>\n

\"Black<\/a>Jerome Handler and Michael Tuite thoroughly dissect the manipulation of this image in their post,\u00a0\u201cRetouching History: The Modern Falsification of a Civil War Photograph\u201d<\/a>\u00a0(2005).<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Altered Image by rebelstore.com<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Actual photograph, circa 1864<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Altering images is not just a modern-day phenomenon. \u00a0Print-makers and illustrators in the nineteenth-century were just as creative and calculating. In fact,\u00a0the banner image from this course website provides a good example of what might be called pre-photoshop photoshopping undertaken by a commercial printer in Philadelphia following Abraham Lincoln\u2019s assassination in 1865. Here is what the image looked like that year:<\/p>\n

\"Emancipation<\/a><\/p>\n

Yet here is what the original illustration looked like in January 1863 when Thomas Nast first drew it for\u00a0Harpers Weekly:<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Emancipation<\/a>The difference is more than just color. \u00a0Nast\u2019s allegory for emancipation has now been subtly altered to give the martyred president a greater role.<\/p>\n

\"cropped-cropped-cropped-cropped-emancipation.jpg\"<\/a>\"Emancipation<\/a>Sometimes significant changes are also sometimes accidental rather than intentional. Here is a different image that was\u00a0misdated for years as 1864. \u00a0Yet this is actually a detail from a photograph taken in Washington DC in November 1865. \u00a0Students in History 117 should be able to explain why that seemingly small mistake matters quite a bit.<\/p>\n

\"black-soldiers\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Believe it or not, it\u2019s also possible to enhance images by altering them. \u00a0Here is a photograph taken at Fort Sumter on Friday, April 14, 1865. \u00a0That was a special day for the Union coalition \u2013a kind of \u201cmission accomplished\u201d moment as Col. Robert Anderson returned with a delegation of notables, including abolitionists like Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and William Lloyd Garrison, to raise the American flag once again over the fort in Charleston harbor where the Civil War had begun almost exactly four years earlier.<\/p>\n

\"Sumter<\/a>Note the cracked glass plate from this seemingly ruined photograph now in the collection of the Library of Congress. \u00a0But look what happens to this image when it is digitized at a high resolution and then magnified.<\/p>\n

\"Sumter<\/a><\/p>\n

That\u2019s Rev. Henry Ward Beecher speaking on the afternoon of Friday, April 14, 1865, from what he called \u201cthis pulpit of broken stone.\u201d \u00a0Originally, scholars, using magnifying glasses, thought that William Lloyd Garrison was perhaps seated on Beecher\u2019s left.<\/p>\n

\"Garrison<\/a>But now we are\u00a0confident at the House Divided Project that Garrison was actually seated in a special section on Beecher\u2019s right, with other leading abolitionists and Lincoln administration notables.<\/p>\n

\"Garrison<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

It was obviously a moving, reflective moment for Garrison, one captured in this detail image above from right after the ceremony and by the little known story of his visit the following morning to see the grave of secessionist icon John C. Calhoun. \u00a0You can read more about this episode\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0here<\/a>. \u00a0Sometimes people are surprised by the stories that slip out of public memory and don\u2019t make it into standard textbooks. \u00a0The Garrison visit to South Carolina in April 1865 is certainly one of them, but another such lost tale involves a Dickinsonian named John A.J. Creswell, who was deeply involved in the final passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery, which occurred in early January 1865. \u00a0Here is the image that appeared in\u00a0Frank Leslie\u2019s Illustrated Newspaper<\/em>\u00a0to celebrate\u00a0that moment.<\/p>\n

\"Thirteenth<\/a><\/p>\n

You will notice the trio of men in the lower right hand corner, obviously prominent figures according to the illustrator. \u00a0We researched them here at the college and were thrilled to discover that one of them was a Dickinsonian. \u00a0It turns out that these are\u00a0three congressman from the Mid-Atlantic (from left to right) Thaddeus Stevens, William D. Kelley, and John A.J. Creswell. \u00a0We used a detail from that image for the cover of our first House Divided e-book, which profiles Creswell, a Dickinson graduate and Maryland politician who became one of the nation\u2019s most important wartime abolitionists. \u00a0Yet, he\u2019s almost completely forgotten, not even mentioned in\u00a0Steven Spielberg\u2019s movie \u201cLincoln\u201d (2012)<\/a>, which concerned passage of the amendment. \u00a0You can download a free copy of Creswell\u2019s biography, written by Dickinson college emeritus history professor John Osborne and college librarian Christine Bombaro,\u00a0here<\/a>. \u00a0Ultimately, that might be the best way to \u201calter\u201d images from the end of the Civil War \u2013by seeing old stories from new perspectives.<\/p>\n

\"Forgotten<\/a><\/p>\n

The scene at Congress on January 31, 1865 was reminiscent in some ways of an earlier scene involving a celebration of Lincoln\u2019s Emancipation Proclamation.<\/p>\n

\n

\"Sergeant<\/a><\/p>\n

Sergeant Prince Rivers receives the colors of the First South Carolina Volunteers, Port Royal, South Carolina, January 1, 1863 (Courtesy of the House Divided Project)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

This scene in Port Royal, South Carolina is very revealing at several levels, but as a study of the end of the war, it offers a poignant window into the revealing saga of Prince Rivers, a man who arguably is the most teachable figure from the Civil War & Reconstruction era.<\/p>\n

\n

Prince Rivers (c. 1820 \u2013 1887)<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

\"Prince<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cDat\u2019s de reason I jine de soldier. I was gettin\u2019 big wages in Beaufort, but I\u2019d rather take less, and fight for de United States; for I believe the United States is now fightin\u2019 for me, and for my people.\u201d\u00a0Prince Rivers quoted by James Miller McKim, August 1862<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cI was told that the Government has given Land to Soldiers. If this land were given will [it] be just for the time being or will [it] be hereafter held by the Soldiers? I would like very much to know if any Part of the Mainland. \u00a0If so I would like to get a piece on Mr. H.M. Stuart plantation, Oak Point, near Coosaw River.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0Letter from Pr<\/em>ince Rivers to General Rufus Saxton, November 1865<\/em><\/p>\n