{"id":5133,"date":"2026-01-09T01:39:02","date_gmt":"2026-01-09T01:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/?page_id=5133"},"modified":"2026-01-09T01:39:02","modified_gmt":"2026-01-09T01:39:02","slug":"western-reconstruction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/course-syllabus\/western-reconstruction\/","title":{"rendered":"Western Reconstruction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/\">American Yawp, Chapter 17: The West<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#I_Introduction\">I. Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#II_Post-Civil_War_Westward_Migration\">II. Post-Civil War Westward Migration<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#III_The_Indian_Wars_and_Federal_Peace_Policies\">III. The Indian Wars and Federal Peace Policies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#IVBeyond_the_Plains\">IV.\u00a0Beyond the Plains<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#V_Western_Economic_Expansion_Railroads_and_Cattle\">V. Western Economic Expansion: Railroads and Cattle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#VI_The_Allotment_Era_and_Resistance_in_the_Native_West\">VI. The Allotment Era and Resistance in the Native West<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#VII_Rodeos_Wild_West_Shows_and_the_Mythic_American_West\">VII. Rodeos, Wild West Shows, and the Mythic American West<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#VIII_The_West_as_History_the_Turner_Thesis\">VIII. The West as History: the Turner Thesis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#IX_Primary_Sources\">IX. Primary Sources<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#X_Reference_Material\">X. Reference Material<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Image Gateway<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4847 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-1024x574.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-1024x574.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-1536x861.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM-500x280.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.37.32-PM.png 1998w\" alt=\"Torlino\" width=\"940\" height=\"527\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>To find out what happened to Tom Torlino and his descendants, read\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/navajotimes.com\/news\/chapters\/021413coy.php\">this 2013 article from the Navajo Times<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The same man who photographed Tom Torlino in Carlisle (John N. Choate) also took this photograph on the left of ex-slave Henry W. Spradley<\/p>\n<div id=\"gallery-1\" class=\"gallery galleryid-4841 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large\">\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/new-americans\/screen-shot-2021-02-15-at-4-42-13-pm\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.42.13-PM-672x1024.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.42.13-PM-672x1024.png 672w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.42.13-PM-197x300.png 197w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.42.13-PM-768x1171.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-4.42.13-PM.png 778w\" alt=\"Spradley\" width=\"672\" height=\"1024\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4848\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4848\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Henry W. Spradley, late 1870s<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/new-americans\/screen-shot-2021-02-16-at-8-14-01-am\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-16-at-8.14.01-AM.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-16-at-8.14.01-AM.png 654w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-16-at-8.14.01-AM-195x300.png 195w\" alt=\"Booker\" width=\"654\" height=\"1006\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4891\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4891\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Booker T. Washington, late 1870s<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>Would Spradley have written his life story as\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/up-from-slavery\/\">\u201cUp From Slavery\u201d<\/a>\u00a0as Booker T. Washington did?<\/p>\n<div id=\"gallery-1\" class=\"gallery galleryid-4841 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large\"><strong>Other images of Tom Torlino (Hastiin To\u2019Haali) from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/carlisleindian.dickinson.edu\/\">resource center<\/a>:<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"gallery-1\" class=\"gallery galleryid-4650 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium\">\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon landscape\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-300x192.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-300x192.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-1024x657.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-768x492.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-900x577.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM-1280x821.png 1280w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-8.55.58-PM.png 1516w\" alt=\"Pratt with Navajo\" width=\"300\" height=\"192\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4668\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4668\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Col. Pratt with Navajos (1882)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon landscape\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos-300x214.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos-1024x731.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos-768x548.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos-900x642.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-and-other-Navajos.png 1250w\" alt=\"Navajos 1883\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4673\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4673\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Navajo students (1883)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-9.02.51-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-9.02.51-PM-196x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-9.02.51-PM-196x300.png 196w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-9.02.51-PM-671x1024.png 671w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-9.02.51-PM.png 706w\" alt=\"Torlino and Watchman\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4674\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4674\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Torlino and Watchman (1885)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing-231x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing-231x300.png 231w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing-788x1024.png 788w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing-768x998.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing-900x1170.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Torlino-standing.png 954w\" alt=\"Torlino\" width=\"231\" height=\"300\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4672\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4672\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Tom Torlino (1886)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The historical documents below concern the fate of Tom Torlino.\u00a0 What do they reveal about his relationship with the Carlisle Indian School?\u00a0 How do they support or challenge some of his family\u2019s oral traditions about Hastiin To\u2019Haali as described in the\u00a0<em>Navajo Times<\/em>\u00a0article (above) from 2013?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Richard Henry Pratt to John Oberly, January 4, 1886<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4663\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM-832x1024.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM-832x1024.png 832w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM-768x945.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM-900x1108.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-1.55.45-PM.png 1074w\" alt=\"Pratt letter\" width=\"629\" height=\"774\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tom Torlino and family in the 1910 US Census<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4661\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM-1024x512.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM-900x450.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-204pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/180\/files\/2023\/01\/Screen-Shot-2023-01-15-at-2.08.07-PM.png 1240w\" alt=\"1910 Census\" width=\"629\" height=\"315\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>The decade of the 1880s marked what was later known as the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&amp;psid=3154\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cclosing of the frontier\u201d<\/a>\u00a0in American history \u2013a period when homestead settlements and railroad lines across\u00a0what had been considered the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&amp;psid=3148\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cGreat American Desert\u201d<\/a>\u00a0changed the landscape and culture of the western plains in what appeared at the time to be almost irrevocable ways. \u00a0For many white Americans of this era, this change was a triumph for civilization, a sign of \u201cAmerican Progress,\u201d as the painter John Gast indicated in his famous allegorical image from 1872, but for others, not only Indians, but also for many former slaves and reformers, it was\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&amp;psid=3506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a time of hypocrisy and diminished expectations<\/a>. \u00a0Nothing better captures this dichotomy than the experiment in\u00a0Indian vocational education that Washington described, which had begun at Hampton, but which then continued during the 1880s and 1890s most famously at the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.digitalhistory.uh.edu\/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&amp;psid=3505\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carlisle Indian School<\/a>\u00a0headed by U.S. army\u00a0officer Richard Henry Pratt. \u00a0Faculty, staff and students at Dickinson College are currently working to bring together many of the documents and images of the Carlisle Indian School, which existed until World War I, at a new\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/carlisleindian.dickinson.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">digital resource center<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7493\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7493\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1734px) 100vw, 1734px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM.png 1734w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-1536x863.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-900x506.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2025\/02\/Screen-Shot-2025-02-19-at-12.32.54-PM-1280x719.png 1280w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1734\" height=\"974\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7493\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-7493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gerilyn Tolino is now a board member of the Center for the Futures of Native Peoples at Dickinson College<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Selected Migrations Toward The West<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gold [and Silver] Rushers\u00a0<em>(California, Colorado, South Dakota, etc.)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Homesteaders\u00a0<em>(1862-1976 &amp; then until 1986 in Alaska)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Mormons\u00a0<em>(1840s to 1860s, with Utah statehood in 1896)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Cowboys\u00a0<em>(about 25,000 with about one quarter black)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Chinese immigrants\u00a0<em>(200,000+ by 1880s)<\/em><\/li>\n<li>[Mexican-Americans]\u00a0<em>(about 500,000 by 1900)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Key statistic<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1850 = 9,000 miles of RR tracks across US<\/li>\n<li>1900 = 190,000 miles of RR tracks across US<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Discussion Question<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How did the migration of people and the expansion of railroads in the post-Civil War American West influence Frederick Jackson Turner\u2019s \u201cfrontier thesis\u201d in 1893?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Three Eras of Nineteenth-Century Indian Policy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Removal (1830s \u2013 1860s)<\/li>\n<li>Reservation (1850s \u2013 1890s)<\/li>\n<li>Allotment (1880s \u2013 1930s)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3608 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-1024x564.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-1024x564.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-1536x846.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-2048x1128.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/files\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-27-at-8.29.03-PM-500x275.png 500w\" alt=\"Indian Nations\" width=\"940\" height=\"518\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3608\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3608\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">500 Indian Nations with about 250,000 people in the American West by 1900 (shaded area = Plains tribes) Courtesy of American Yawp<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Carlisle v. Army (1912)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4860 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-1024x550.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-1024x550.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-1536x825.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM-500x269.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-8.15.40-PM.png 1594w\" alt=\"Carlisle Indians\" width=\"940\" height=\"505\" \/><\/a><em>Recently rediscovered photograph of 1912 Carlisle v. Army football game, courtesy of Aiden Pinsker<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"gallery-1\" class=\"gallery galleryid-5552 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large\">\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/new-americans\/screen-shot-2021-02-15-at-9-03-14-pm\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-9.03.14-PM-694x1024.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-9.03.14-PM-694x1024.png 694w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-9.03.14-PM-203x300.png 203w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-02-15-at-9.03.14-PM.png 754w\" alt=\"Mt. Pleasant\" width=\"629\" height=\"928\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4879\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4879\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Frank Mt. Pleasant, 1908 Olympics and Dickinson College Class of 1910<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"gallery-item\">\n<dt class=\"gallery-icon portrait\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/new-americans\/jim-thorpe\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-665x1024.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-665x1024.jpg 665w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-195x300.jpg 195w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-768x1182.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-998x1536.jpg 998w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe-1331x2048.jpg 1331w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/02\/Jim-Thorpe.jpg 1581w\" alt=\"Thorpe\" width=\"629\" height=\"969\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4880\" \/><\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"gallery-1-4880\" class=\"wp-caption-text gallery-caption\">Jim Thorpe, 1912 Olympics<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p>For more on Frank Mt. Pleasant, see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/archives.dickinson.edu\/encyclopedia\/franklin-p-mount-pleasant-1884-1937\">his profile<\/a>\u00a0at the Dickinson Archives<\/p>\n<p>For more information on the Carlisle Indian School, see the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/carlisleindian.dickinson.edu\/node\/8633\">Introduction<\/a>\u00a0by Jacqueline Fear-Segal and Susan D. Rose from a recent book of essays derived from a conference held at Dickinson College.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Featured Videos<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5hsQ0FlCxVE\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-origwidth=\"560\" data-origheight=\"315\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yfRHqWCz3Zw\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-origwidth=\"560\" data-origheight=\"315\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Legacy Debates<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Learn more about the ongoing interpretive debate over \u201cthe myth of the vanishing Indian\u201d from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/09\/20\/arts\/indigenous-continent-pekka-hamalainen.html\">this recent New York Times article<\/a>\u00a0about Pekka Hamalainen\u2019s new book,\u00a0<em>Indigenous Continent<\/em>\u00a0(2022)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>American Yawp, Chapter 17: The West I. Introduction II. Post-Civil War Westward Migration III. The Indian Wars and Federal Peace Policies IV.\u00a0Beyond the Plains V. Western Economic Expansion: Railroads and Cattle VI. The Allotment Era and Resistance in the Native &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/course-syllabus\/western-reconstruction\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":11,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-5133","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5133","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5133"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5133\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5134,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5133\/revisions\/5134"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-117pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}