{"id":5621,"date":"2022-01-20T17:50:24","date_gmt":"2022-01-20T17:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/?page_id=5621"},"modified":"2026-08-29T16:42:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T20:42:51","slug":"1945-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/1945-2\/","title":{"rendered":"1945"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<h3>How did the atomic age change America?<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>Brands, Chapter 1:\u00a0 Last one Standing, 1945-46<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sunrise at Alamogordo (pp. 3-6)<\/li>\n<li>The Looming Shadow (pp. 6-9)<\/li>\n<li>The Dynamo of Ambition (pp. 9-13)<\/li>\n<li>When Johnny Comes Marching Home (pp. 13-17)<\/li>\n<li>What (Else) Hath Roosevelt Wrought (pp. 17-20)<\/li>\n<li>Flames and a Kiss (pp. 20-23)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ixRZARRP6Rc?si=bXfrkKAKawwyNxjJ\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/2022\/04\/20\/research-post-4\/\">From Abby Marthins&#8217; oral history project on WWII homefront<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Image Gateway<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-5622\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-1024x771.png\" alt=\"1945\" width=\"940\" height=\"708\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-1024x771.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-768x578.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-1536x1156.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM-399x300.png 399w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-20-at-12.48.36-PM.png 1608w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Allied Powers<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Casablanca Conference (1943)<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4045\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1024x768.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM.png 2030w\" alt=\"FDR Casablanca\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Yalta Conference (1945)<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4046\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1024x774.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1536x1160.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-397x300.png 397w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM.png 2044w\" alt=\"FDR Yalta\" width=\"940\" height=\"711\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Post-War Multinational Structures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bretton Woods (1944): World Bank, IMF, and origins of GATT (tariffs &amp; trade)<\/li>\n<li>Dunbarton Oaks (1944) and San Francisco (1945): United Nations Organization\n<ul>\n<li>UN General Assembly<\/li>\n<li>UN Security Council (from FDR&#8217;s &#8220;four policeman&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Atomic Age<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Manhattan Project<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Behind-the-scenes with Christopher Nolan\u2019s \u201cOppenheimer\u201d movie (2023), based on the 2005 Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of physicist and Manhattan Project director J. Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird and Martin Sherwin<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MeIk9ap1u_E?si=zoFcjIpeAtPN5msU\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-origwidth=\"560\" data-origheight=\"315\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Enola Gay<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Col. Paul Tibbets was the pilot in command of the\u00a0<em>Enola Gay\u00a0<\/em>(a B-29 bomber named for his mother) that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. The city had a population of about 350,000 at that time. \u00a0The explosion immediately killed about 70,000 of those residents, destroying most of the city\u2019s buildings. \u00a0Tens of thousands more died in the weeks afterward. \u00a0Tibbets was interviewed on camera, not long after he returned (August 19th).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qFcymt8jmOo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Russell Baker was a young 19-year-old naval pilot originally from Virginia who was training to go overseas in the summer of 1945.\u00a0 He later became a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the\u00a0<em>New York Times\u00a0<\/em>who recalled his coming of age during the Great Depression and World War II in a famous memoir,\u00a0<em>Growing Up\u00a0<\/em>(1982).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00a0\u201cOn August 9 the second atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki.\u00a0 Next night I wrote to my mother.\u00a0 \u201cWell, today, to all intents and purposes, the war ended.\u00a0 The feeling of extreme elation which I had expected, existed for a bare moment, then life subsided back into its groove and it was just another day\u2026.\u201d\u00a0 I didn\u2019t confess that I hated the war\u2019s ending.\u00a0 I knew she had been praying to God to save my skin; I could hardly tell her I was sorry her prayers had been answered\u2026 Still there was no hint in either my mother\u2019s correspondence or mine that the arrival of the nuclear age interested us much.\u00a0 My mother, also excited about premature news that the war was over, had less cosmic things on her mind.\u00a0 The night after the Nagasaki bombing she wrote:\u00a0 \u201cI\u2019m still hoping that you\u2019ll go to college when the war is over and study journalism; that is, if you\u2019re still interested in that kind of work.\u00a0 Don\u2019t lose hope and get married at this stage of the game.\u201d (Russell Baker,\u00a0<em>Growing Up,\u00a0<\/em>p. 230)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2015\/03\/Potsdam-e1426705699752.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2015\/03\/Potsdam-e1426705699752.jpg\" width=\"521\" height=\"652\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-457\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Truman&#8217;s Decision<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam, July 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>John Lewis Gaddis of Yale University is one of the nation\u2019s leading historians of the Cold War era.\u00a0 In this excerpt, he challenges the widely-held view that President Harry S Truman never hesitated and never questioned his decision to authorize the dropping of two atomic bombs on the Japanese in 1945.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cIt took leadership to make this [containment of atomic war] happen, and the most important first steps came from the only individual so far ever to have ordered that nuclear weapons be used to kill people.\u00a0 Harry S Truman claimed, for the rest of his life, to have lost no sleep over his decision, but his behavior suggests otherwise.\u00a0 On the day the bomb was first tested in the New Mexico desert he wrote a note to himself speculating that \u2018machines are ahead of morals by some centuries, and when morals catch up perhaps there\u2019ll be no reason for any of it.\u2019\u00a0 A year later he placed his concerns in a broader context: \u2018[T]he human animal and his emotions change not much from age to age.\u00a0 He must change now or he faces absolute and complete destruction and maybe the insect age or an atmosphereless planet will succeed him.\u2019\u00a0 \u2018It is a terrible thing,\u2019 he told a group of advisors in 1948, \u2018to order the use of something that \u2026is so terribly destructive, destructive beyond anything we have ever had \u2026. So we have got to treat this differently from rifles and cannon and ordinary things like that.\u2019\u201d (John Lewis Gaddis,\u00a0<em>The Cold War<\/em>, p. 53)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Brands, Chapter 2:\u00a0 The War That Never Ended, 1946-48<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Mild About Harry (pp. 24-28)<\/li>\n<li>Sounding the Tocsin (pp. 28-32)<\/li>\n<li>A Concept and a Doctrine (pp. 32-35)<\/li>\n<li>Cold War Dissenters (pp. 35-37)<\/li>\n<li>A Man With A Plan (pp. 37-40)<\/li>\n<li>One If By Land, Two If By Air (pp. 40-41)<\/li>\n<li>Dewey Or Don\u2019t We? (pp. 41-44)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Image Gateway<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_5776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5776\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM-1024x574.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM-1024x574.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM-500x280.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-19-at-9.54.58-AM.png 1476w\" alt=\"1948\" width=\"940\" height=\"527\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5776\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5776\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harry Truman holding the Chicago Tribune following reelection in 1948<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Timeline<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1945 \/\/ United Nations<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1946 \/\/ Kennan\u2019s Long Telegram<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1946 \/\/ Iron Curtain Speech<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1947 \/\/ Truman Doctrine<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1947 \/\/ National Security Act<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1947-48 \/\/ Marshall Plan<\/li>\n<li class=\"suEOdc\" data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1948-49\/\/ Berlin Airlift<\/li>\n<li data-tooltip=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\" aria-label=\"1945 Ministers Meeting\">1948 \/\/ Truman wins second term<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>From Jordan Forry\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/2015\/05\/21\/america-on-the-home-front-during-the-early-cold-war\/\">\u201cAmerica on the Home Front During the Early Cold War\u201d<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Lois Shaffer recalls that after following the situation on the radio, she and her husband became impressed with the feat that the U.S. military was able to accomplish, but she was also quick to point out that they did not necessarily follow the progress of the airlift on a day to day basis.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Containment Policy<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>From Churchill\u2019s \u201cIron Curtain\u201d speech in Fulton, Missouri (1946)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lMt7zCaVOWU\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-origwidth=\"560\" data-origheight=\"315\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Churchill\u2019s stern 1946 warning about the Soviets highlighted a growing\u00a0tension\u00a0in superpower relations, a period that\u00a0columnist Walter Lippmann described memorably as\u00a0\u201cThe Cold War.\u201d \u00a0The US policy toward the Soviet Union which subsequently defined this Cold War period has come to be known as\u00a0<strong>containment.<\/strong>\u00a0 State Department official George Kennan helped develop this\u00a0containment doctrine, principally through\u00a0two powerful documents, the so-called\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/coldwar\/documents\/episode-1\/kennan.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cLong Telegram,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0and an anonymous article for the journal\u00a0<em>Foreign Affairs,\u00a0<\/em>titled,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/23331\/x\/the-sources-of-soviet-conduct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cThe Sources\u00a0of Soviet Conduct.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0Here is an excerpt from the now-famous 1947 article:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>These considerations make Soviet diplomacy at once easier and more difficult to deal with than the diplomacy of individual aggressive leaders like Napoleon and Hitler. On the one hand it is more sensitive to contrary force, more ready to yield on individual sectors of the diplomatic front when that force is felt to be too strong, and thus more rational in the logic and rhetoric of power. On the other hand it cannot be easily defeated or discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents\u2026.In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Discussion Question<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How did developments such as the Truman Doctrine (1947), Marshall Plan (1947) and Berlin Airlift (1948) help illustrate the initial application of containment principles?<\/li>\n<li>Who were the leading American critics of containment policy and what were the differences in the views of figure such as Senator Robert Taft, a leading conservative, or Henry Wallace, a prominent progressive?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Progressive Alternatives:\u00a0 Henry Wallace<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/henrywallace.weebly.com\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4975\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-1024x475.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-1024x475.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-768x357.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-1536x713.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM-500x232.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2021\/03\/Screen-Shot-2021-03-23-at-7.18.15-AM.png 1844w\" alt=\"Wallace\" width=\"940\" height=\"436\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Election of 1948 and the Landscape of Post-War American Politics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_5782\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-5782\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM-244x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 244px) 100vw, 244px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM-834x1024.png 834w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM-768x943.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2022\/03\/Screen-Shot-2022-03-20-at-2.07.36-PM.png 1060w\" alt=\"Taft\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5782\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5782\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. Robert Taft (R-OH)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Post-war American politics became complicated by competing ideologies that vied for control of American political parties and the broader national culture.\u00a0 The Democratic New Deal coalition splintered in 1948 as many Southern Democrats or Dixiecrats refused to support the party\u2019s evolution toward more open support for civil rights.\u00a0 Democrats also endured a battle between liberals (like Harry Truman) who supported New Deal values at home and Cold War containment abroad and progressive (like Henry Wallace) who questioned the foreign policy establishment.\u00a0 Republicans were divided between conservatives (like Sen. Robert Taft of Ohio) and ultra anti-communist demagogues (like Rep. Richard Nixon from California in 1948 or later Sen. Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin) and moderates (such as Gov. Tom Dewey from New York).\u00a0 Outside of the mainstream parties there were also other ideologies competing for American support, including libertarianism, socialism and communism.\u00a0 Critics derided these fringe movements as extremists, but many persevered and ultimately influenced US policy in sometimes-powerful ways.\u00a0 But in 1948, it was Truman and New Deal liberals who prevailed in what many regarded as a stunning upset victory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How did the atomic age change America? Brands, Chapter 1:\u00a0 Last one Standing, 1945-46 Sunrise at Alamogordo (pp. 3-6) The Looming Shadow (pp. 6-9) The Dynamo of Ambition (pp. 9-13) When Johnny Comes Marching Home (pp. 13-17) What (Else) Hath Roosevelt Wrought (pp. 17-20) Flames and a Kiss (pp. 20-23) From Abby Marthins&#8217; oral history [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":13,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-5621","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5621","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5621"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5621\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8276,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5621\/revisions\/8276"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5621"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}