{"id":239,"date":"2022-08-30T01:05:18","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T01:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/?page_id=239"},"modified":"2025-10-13T18:26:44","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T18:26:44","slug":"judicial-review","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/syllabus\/judicial-review\/","title":{"rendered":"Judicial Review"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>&#8220;Thus, the source of judicial review as Americans understand it today lay not in the idea of fundamental law or in written constitutions, but in the transformation of this written fundamental law into the kind of law that could be expounded and constructed in the ordinary court system.&#8221; &#8211;Gordon Wood, Power and Liberty, p. 139<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;When the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville visited America in the 1830s, he pointed out that lawyers had come to constitute whatever aristocracy America possessed, at least in the North.\u00a0 Through their influence on the judiciary, they tempered America&#8217;s turbulent and unruly majoritarian governments and promoted the rights of individuals and minorities.\u00a0 &#8216;The courts of justice,&#8217; Tocqueville said, &#8216;are the visible organs by which the legal profession is enabled to control the democracy.&#8217;\u00a0 It is still a shrewd judgment.&#8221; &#8211;Gordon Wood, Power and Liberty, p. 148<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><strong>Timeline of Judicial Review<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>1770s \/\/ Colonial judges reviled by American patriots<\/li>\n<li>1780s \/\/ Most state judges appointed by legislatures; no Confederation judges<\/li>\n<li>1787 \/\/ Article III powers vest independent federal judiciary with life appointment<\/li>\n<li>1788 \/\/ Hamilton argues for judges as representative of people in Federalist No. 78<\/li>\n<li>1790s \/\/ Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians collide over constitutional questions<\/li>\n<li>1803 \/\/ Chief Justice John Marshall in <em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em> establishes precedent of federal judicial review for a case involving the 1789 (not 1801) Judiciary Act<\/li>\n<li>1800s and beyond \/\/ Federal judges gain authority to &#8220;say what the law is&#8221; (p. 141)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>How did frustrating experiences with state legislatures and various failed attempts to codify American law contribute to the movement for establishing a strong national judiciary in the 1787 constitution?<\/li>\n<li>How did applying doctrines of &#8220;common law&#8221; become controversial and partisan during the days of the early republic?<\/li>\n<li>What does the concept of &#8220;judicial review&#8221; mean and why was its development in American jurisprudence so uncertain and complicated?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Vocabulary of American Constitutionalism<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Common Law &#8211;precedents and interpretations (judge-made)\n<ul>\n<li>Coverture (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nyhistory.org\/media\/what-coverture\">married women&#8217;s dependency<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Fugitive slave recaption (<a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.congress.gov\/browse\/essay\/artIV-S2-C3-1\/ALDE_00013571\/\">return of mobile property<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Sedition (<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/syllabus\/revolution-of-1800\/\">Federalist judges vs. Jeffersonian Republicans<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Statutory Law &#8211;legislation (Congressional and legislative)<\/li>\n<li>Constitutional Law &#8211;fundamental\n<ul>\n<li>Challenges:\u00a0 American federalism (state, federal, territorial)<\/li>\n<li>Challenges:\u00a0 co-equal branches or judicial supremacy?<\/li>\n<li>Challenges:\u00a0 Original intent, original meaning, or original principles?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Article III<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"mb-3\"><strong>Section 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"judicial-power\">The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Annotated resources via <a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/\">The Founders&#8217; Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">1.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s1.html\">William Blackstone, Commentaries 1:259&#8211;60; 3:23&#8211;24<\/a>, 1765 1768<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">2.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s2.html\">Declaration of Independence<\/a>, 4 July 1776<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">3.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s3.html\">Delaware Declaration of Rights and Fundamental Rules, sec. 22<\/a>, 11 Sept. 1776<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">4.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s4.html\">Virginia Constitution of 1776<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">5.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s5.html\">Maryland Constitution of 1776, ART. 40<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">6.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s6.html\">Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, CH. 3, ARTS. 1, 2<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">7.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s7.html\">Records of the Federal Convention<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">8.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s8.html\">Debate in Pennsylvania Ratifying Convention<\/a>, 4, 11 Dec. 1787<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">9.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s9.html\">Federal Farmer, no. 15<\/a>, 18 Jan. 1788<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">10.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s10.html\">Brutus, no. 15<\/a>, 20 Mar. 1788<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">11.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s11.html\">Alexander Hamilton, Federalist, no. 78, 521&#8211;30<\/a>, 28 May 1788<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">12.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s12.html\">Alexander Hamilton, Federalist, no. 79, 531&#8211;34<\/a>, 28 May 1788<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">13.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s13.html\">House of Representatives, The Judiciary<\/a>, 29, 31 Aug. 1789<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">14.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s14.html\">John Jay, Draft of Letter from Justices of the Supreme Court to George Washington<\/a>, 15 Sept. 1790<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">15.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s15.html\">James Wilson, Government, Lectures on Law<\/a>, 1791<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">16.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s16.html\">John Jay et al., Letters on Reorganization of the Supreme Court<\/a>, 1792<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">17.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s17.html\">Kentucky Constitution of 1799, ART. 4, SEC. 3<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">18.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s18.html\">John Jay to John Adams<\/a>, 2 Jan. 1801<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">19.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s19.html\">Respublica v. Passmore<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">20.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s20.html\">Alexander Hamilton, The Examination, no. 6<\/a>, 2 Jan. 1802<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">21.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s21.html\">Senate, Judiciary System<\/a>, Jan. 1802<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">22.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s22.html\">Alexander Hamilton, The Examination, no. 12<\/a>, 23 Feb. 1802<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">23.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s23.html\">Alexander Hamilton, The Examination, no. 13<\/a>, 27 Feb. 1802<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">24.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s24.html\">An Act to Repeal Certain Acts respecting the Organization of the Courts<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">25.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s25.html\">Alexander Hamilton, The Examination, no. 16<\/a>, 19 Mar. 1802<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">26.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s26.html\">St. George Tucker, Blackstone&#8217;s Commentaries 1:App. 350&#8211;61; 4:App. 23&#8211;30<\/a>, 1803<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">27.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s27.html\">Stuart v. Laird<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">28.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s28.html\">William Cranch, Preface<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">29.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s29.html\">An Act concerning Contempts of Court<\/a>, 3 Apr. 1809<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">30.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s30.html\">Yates v. Lansing<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">31.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s31.html\">House of Representatives, Removal of Judges<\/a>, 31 Jan. 1811<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">32.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s32.html\">Dupy v. Wickwise<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">33.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s33.html\">United States v. Jacobson<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">34.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s34.html\">Edward Livingston, System of Penal Laws, tit. 5, C. 11, 51&#8211;52<\/a>, 1824<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">35.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s35.html\">William Rawle, A View of the Constitution of the United States 199&#8211;201, 274&#8211;80 1829 (2d ed.)<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">36.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s36.html\">An Act Declaratory of the Law concerning Contempts of Court<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">37.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s37.html\">Livingston v. Moore<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">38.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s38.html\">Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 3:\u00a7\u00a7 1568&#8211;71, 1574&#8211;78, 1583&#8211;84, 1591, 1593, 1601&#8211;21, 1627, 1629&#8211;30<\/a>, 1833<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\">39.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/press-pubs.uchicago.edu\/founders\/documents\/a3_1s39.html\">Ex parte Poulson<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/live\/bfBXlLaL3Ac?si=1Hu9nLeqewwMyXXn\"><strong>The Past and Future of the Political Supreme Court<\/strong><\/a><\/h2>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8220;Today, the court has far more power to shape American life than it did in the 19th century.&#8221;\u00a0 &#8211;Rachel Shelden, Washington Post, May 7, 2022<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/files\/2022\/09\/Constitution-Day-poster.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-349\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/files\/2022\/09\/Constitution-Day-poster-666x1024.png\" alt=\"poster\" width=\"640\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/files\/2022\/09\/Constitution-Day-poster-666x1024.png 666w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/files\/2022\/09\/Constitution-Day-poster-195x300.png 195w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/files\/2022\/09\/Constitution-Day-poster.png 706w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;Thus, the source of judicial review as Americans understand it today lay not in the idea of fundamental law or in written constitutions, but in the transformation of this written fundamental law into the kind of law that could be &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/syllabus\/judicial-review\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-239","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=239"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":746,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/239\/revisions\/746"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-211constitution\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}