{"id":4005,"date":"2020-10-01T12:19:05","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T12:19:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/?page_id=4005"},"modified":"2023-08-27T00:05:30","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T00:05:30","slug":"wilsonian-diplomacy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/wilsonian-diplomacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Wilsonian Diplomacy"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<h3>What lessons should policymakers learn from Woodrow Wilson?<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>CHAPTER 10:\u00a0 &#8220;A New Age&#8221;: Wilson, the Great War, and the Quest for a New World Order, 1913-1922<\/h3>\n<p>&#8220;Wilson towers above the landscape of modern American foreign policy like no other individual, the dominant personality, the seminal figure.&#8221; (Herring, p. 379)<\/p>\n<p>\u2013George C. Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower:\u00a0 U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 379.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Making the World &#8220;Safe for Democracy&#8221;<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4006\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM-1024x649.png\" alt=\"1917\" width=\"940\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM-1024x649.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM-768x487.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM-474x300.png 474w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.17.26-AM.png 1348w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wilson&#8217;s Foreign Policy Team<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4009\" style=\"width: 950px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4009\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4009\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-1024x381.png\" alt=\"Wilson's Team\" width=\"940\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-1024x381.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-768x286.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-1536x571.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM-500x186.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-8.33.12-AM.png 1694w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4009\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Can you identify these three key figures from the Wilson Administration?<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Defining the Wilsonian Foreign Policy Landscape\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">&#8220;The Great War also sparked a debate over basic foreign policy principles that would rage until World War II and persist in modified form thereafter.\u00a0 Breaking with hallowed tradition, those who came to be called internationalists insisted that the American way of life could be preserved only through active, permanent involvement in world politics.&#8221; (Herring, p. 406)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Conservative Internationalists<\/li>\n<li>Progressive Internationalists<\/li>\n<li>Isolationists<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Wilsonianism in an Age of Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8220;Wilson&#8217;s response to these revolutions revealed his good intentions and the difficulties of their implementation.&#8221; (Herring, p. 383)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mexico (1910)<\/li>\n<li>China (1911)<\/li>\n<li>Russia (1917)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Student-produced map for Coming of WWI (Imran Hasan)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/d\/embed?mid=1MClwBl51o5wtatUXjo1ECEUF1g4\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><strong>KEY TERMS:\u00a0 Fourteen Points (1918) \/\/ Treaty of Versailles (1919)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Fourteen Points (1918)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cIn a series of public statements, most notably in his Fourteen Points address of January 18, 1918, Wilson molded these broad principles into a peace program. Called by the\u00a0<em>New York Herald<\/em>\u00a0\u201cone of the great documents in American history,\u201d the speech responded to Lenin\u2019s revelations of the Allied secret treaties dividing the spoils of war and his calls for an end to imperialism as well as a speech by Lloyd George setting out broad peace terms.\u00a0 Wilson sought to regain the initiative for the United States and rally Americans and Allied peoples behind his peace program.\u00a0 He called for \u2018open covenants of peace, openly arrived at.\u2019 He reiterated his commitment to arms limitations, freedom of the seas, and reduction of trade barriers.\u00a0 On colonial issues, to avoid alienating Allies, he sought a middle ground between the old-style imperialism of the secret treaties and Lenin\u2019s call for an end to empire.\u00a0 He did not use the word\u00a0<em>self-determination,\u00a0<\/em>but he did insist that in dealing with colonial claims the \u2018interests\u2019 of colonial peoples should be taken into account, a marked departure from the status quo.\u00a0 He also set forth broad principles for European territorial settlements \u2013a sharp break from the U.S. tradition of non-involvement in European affairs.\u00a0 The peoples of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires should be assured \u2018an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development.\u2019 Belgium must be evacuated, territory formerly belonging to France restored.\u00a0 A \u2018general association of nations\u2019 must be established to preserve the peace.&#8217;\u201d (George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower,\u00a0<\/em>p. 412)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In this chapter, Herring paints a vivid portrait of Woodrow Wilson.\u00a0 How would you characterize Wilson\u2019s leadership on foreign policy and global strategy?<\/li>\n<li>Do the Fourteen Points represent a general continuation or a fundamental departure from American foreign policy traditions?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Treaty of Versailles (1919)<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4015\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-10.07.13-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4015\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4015\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-10.07.13-AM-216x300.png\" alt=\"Lodge\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-10.07.13-AM-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-01-at-10.07.13-AM.png 490w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cAt the time and since, blame has been variously cast for the outcome of 1919-20 [when the US rejected the Treaty of Versailles].\u00a0 Lodge and the Republicans have been charged with rabid partisanship and a deep-seated personal animus that fueled a determination to embarrass Wilson.\u00a0 It can be argued, on the other hand, that they were simply doing the job the political system assigned to the \u2018loyal\u2019 opposition and that the Lodge reservations were necessary to protect national sovereignty.\u00a0 The Democrats have been criticized for standing firmly \u2013and foolishly\u2013 with their ailing leader, instead of working with Republicans to gain a modified commitment to the League of Nations.\u00a0 Wilson himself has been accused of the \u2018supreme infanticide,\u2019 slaying his own brainchild through his stubborn refusal to deal with the opposition\u2026.The defeat of Wilson\u2019s handiwork leaves haunting if ultimately unanswerable questions.\u00a0 The Wilson of 1919-20 believed that vital principles were at stake in the struggle with Lodge and that compromise would render the League of Nation all but useless.\u00a0 Would a more robust and healthy Wilson \u2013the artful politician of his first term\u2013 have built more solid support for his proposals or found a middle ground that would have made possible Senate approval of the treaty and U.S. entry into the League of Nations?\u00a0 Could a modified League with U.S. participation have changed the history of the next two decades?\u201d \u2013George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 433-34<\/p>\n<p><strong>Defining the Treaty Debate Landscape (1919-20)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Greater challenges awaited in Paris, where the peace conference opened on January 12, 1919.\u00a0 In heading the U.S. delegation himself, Wilson broke precedent, becoming the first president to go to Europe while in office and personally to conduct major negotiations.\u00a0 He remained abroad for more than six months, with only a two-week interlude in the United States, suggesting the extent to which foreign relations now dominated his agenda.&#8221; (Herring, p. 417)<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;It was a fiercely partisan battle.\u00a0 There was no tradition in U.S. politics of bipartisanship on major foreign policy issues.\u00a0 On the contrary, since the Jay Treaty in 1794, parties had fought bitterly over such matters.&#8221; (Herring, p. 427)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reservationists<\/li>\n<li>Wilsonians<\/li>\n<li>Irreconciliables<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Treaty of Versailles votes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>November 18, 1919 &#8212; 38 &#8211; 55 for treaty with reservations<\/li>\n<li>November 19, 1919 &#8211;38 &#8211; 53 for Wilson&#8217;s treaty<\/li>\n<li>March 19, 1920 &#8212; 49 &#8211; 35 for Wilson&#8217;s treaty \/\/ (56 required for 2\/3 super-majority)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lodge and Wilson were both internationalists.\u00a0 So why did they destroy the greatest accomplishment of American internationalism to that point in time?<\/li>\n<li>Does this American treaty-making and treaty-ratifying system deserve any blame for this tragic outcome?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What lessons should policymakers learn from Woodrow Wilson? CHAPTER 10:\u00a0 &#8220;A New Age&#8221;: Wilson, the Great War, and the Quest for a New World Order, 1913-1922 &#8220;Wilson towers above the landscape of modern American foreign policy like no other individual, the dominant personality, the seminal figure.&#8221; (Herring, p. 379) \u2013George C. Herring,\u00a0From Colony to Superpower:\u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4005","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4005","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4005"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4005\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4005"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}