{"id":4032,"date":"2020-10-15T13:02:59","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T13:02:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/?page_id=4032"},"modified":"2023-10-31T14:22:19","modified_gmt":"2023-10-31T14:22:19","slug":"alliance-diplomacy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/alliance-diplomacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Alliance Diplomacy"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Who was the most compelling US diplomat of the Second World War?<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3><strong>CHAPTER 13:\u00a0 &#8220;Five Continents and Seven Seas&#8221;: World War II and the Rise of American Globalism, 1941-1945<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4632\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-300x148.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-1024x506.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-768x380.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-1536x760.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-900x445.png 900w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM-1280x633.png 1280w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-10-31-at-10.21.16-AM.png 2038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>&#8220;The Japanese attack on Hawaii undermined as perhaps nothing else could have the cherished notion that America was secure from foreign threat.\u00a0 The ensuing war elevated foreign policy to the highest national priority for the first time since the early republic.\u00a0 By virtue of its size, its wealth, its largely untapped economic and military potential, and its distance from major war zones, the United States, along with Britain and the Soviet Union, assumed leadership of what came to be called the United Nations, a loose assemblage of some forty countries.\u00a0 During the war, it built a mammoth military establishment and funded a huge foreign aid program.\u00a0 It became involved in a host of complex and often intricately interconnected diplomatic, economic, political, and military problems across the world, requiring a sprawling foreign policy bureaucracy staffed by thousands of men and women engaged in all sorts of activities in places Americans could not previously have located on a map.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u2013George C. Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower:\u00a0 U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 538.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lK8gYGg0dkE\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4043\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-1024x764.png\" alt=\"FDR 1941\" width=\"629\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-1024x764.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-768x573.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-1536x1146.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM-402x300.png 402w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.35-AM.png 2032w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/reader\/24-world-war-ii\/fdr-executive-order-no-9066-1942\/\">Executive Order 9066<\/a> (February 19, 1942)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.densho.org\/Korematsu_v._United_States\/\">Korematsu v. US (1944)<\/a>\u00a0(Densho Encyclopedia)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.densho.org\/Ex_parte_Mitsuye_Endo_(1944)\/\">Ex parte Endo<\/a>\u00a0(1944) (Densho Encyclopedia)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/course-syllabus\/world-war-ii-homefront\/\">Esther Popel&#8217;s recollection of Mitsui (Endo)<\/a> (1948)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4044\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-1024x750.png\" alt=\"FDR State\" width=\"940\" height=\"688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-1024x750.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-768x562.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-1536x1125.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-2048x1499.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.43-AM-410x300.png 410w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a>View Solnit honor&#8217;s thesis website:\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-solnit\/\">What about India Now?<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>FDR&#8217;s National Security &#8220;Organizational&#8221; Chart\u00a0<\/strong><em>(selected figures)<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>White House:\u00a0<\/strong> Harry Hopkins, William Leahy, Eleanor Roosevelt<\/li>\n<li><strong>Administration:<\/strong>\u00a0 Henry Stimson (War), Henry Morgenthau Jr. (Treasury), Jesse Jones (Commerce) Sumner Welles (State), Cordell Hull (State), Henry Wallace (VP), Bill Donovan ( OSS), Elmer Davis (OWI)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pentagon:<\/strong>\u00a0 George Marshall, Ernest King<\/li>\n<li><strong>European Theater:<\/strong>\u00a0 Dwight Eisenhower, Virginia Hall<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pacific Theater:\u00a0<\/strong> Douglas MacArthur, Joseph Stilwell, Claire Chennault<\/li>\n<li><strong>Western Hemisphere:<\/strong>\u00a0 [Hull + Welles] Nelson Rockefeller<\/li>\n<li><strong>Asia \/ Mideast:\u00a0<\/strong> William Philips, Alexander Kirk, Patrick Hurley<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Media:\u00a0<\/strong> Walter Lippmann, Henry Luce<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Key Players, Witnesses, or Examples<\/h3>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-4032 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Donovan-William.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Donovan-William-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Donovan\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2236\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2236'>\n\t\t\t\tWild Bill Donovan\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Lippmann-Walter.jpeg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Lippmann-Walter-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Lippmann\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2243\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2243'>\n\t\t\t\tWalter Lippmann\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Phillips-William.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Phillips-William-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Phillips\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2239\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2239'>\n\t\t\t\tWilliam Phillips\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<h3><strong>KEY TERMS:\u00a0 Casablanca Conference (1943) \/\/ Yalta Conference (1945)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Casablanca Conference (1943)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4045\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1024x768.png\" alt=\"FDR Casablanca\" width=\"940\" height=\"705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.50-AM.png 2030w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cAs U.S. military planners had feared, the invasion of North Africa in November 1942 was followed by agreement at an Anglo-American summit in Casablanca in January 1943 to invade Sicily and then Italy.\u00a0 Since operations in North Africa and the Pacific were absorbing increasing volumes of supplies, the British now argued that the Allies lacked sufficient resources to mount a successful invasion of France and insisted that they follow up victories in the Mediterranean.\u00a0 Divided among themselves, U.S. military planners were no match for their British counterparts.\u00a0 \u2018We came, we listened, and we were conquered,\u2019 one officer bitterly complained.\u00a0 The harsh reality was that as long as the British resisted a cross-Channel attack and the United States lacked the means to do it alone, there was no other way to stay on the offensive.\u00a0 In any event, logistical limitations likely prevented a successful invasion of France prior to 1944.\u00a0 As a way of palliating Stalin\u2019s Russia, the \u2018ghost in the attic,\u2019 at Casablanca, in Kimball\u2019s apt words, Roosevelt and Churchill proclaimed that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of the Axis.\u00a0 The statement also reflected FDR\u2019s determination to avoid repeating the mistakes of World War I, as well as his firm belief that Germany had been \u2018Prussianized\u2019 and needed a complete political makeover.\u201d \u2013George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 552-53<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How to do you summarize the three-way dynamics of Allied strategic debates during World War II?\u00a0 What does Casablanca illustrate about the competing views of the Americans, British, and Soviets?<\/li>\n<li>Why was the call for \u201cunconditional surrender\u201d an attempt to avoid the \u201cmistakes\u201d of World War I?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Yalta Conference (1945)<\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4046\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1024x774.png\" alt=\"FDR Yalta\" width=\"940\" height=\"711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1024x774.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-1536x1160.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM-397x300.png 397w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2020\/10\/Screen-Shot-2020-10-15-at-8.48.57-AM.png 2044w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a>&#8220;Roosevelt discussed the issues with Churchill and Stalin for the last time at Yalta in the Crimea in early February 1945.\u00a0 The very name &#8216;Yalta&#8217; has served as a metaphor for the ebb and flow of tensions with the Soviet Union.\u00a0 For some U.S. participants, the conference seemed, in Hopkin&#8217;s words, &#8216;the first great victory for the peace,&#8217; a meeting where allies with divergent interests reached reasonable agreements to end the war and establish a basis for lasting peace.\u00a0 Less than ten years later, in the tense atmosphere of the early Cold War, Yalta became synonymous with treason, fiercely partisan critics of FDR claiming that a dying president, duped by pro-Communist advisers, conceded Soviet control over Poland and Eastern Europe and sold out Chiang Kai-shek.\u00a0 A &#8216;great betrayal,&#8217; it was labeled, &#8216;appeasement greater than Munich.&#8217;\u00a0 Because a &#8216;sick man went to Yalta&#8217; and &#8216;gave away much of the world,&#8217; Senator William Langer fumed, &#8216;our beloved country is facing ruin and destruction.'&#8221; &#8211;George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 584-85<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Post-War Multinational Structures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bretton Woods (1944): World Bank and IMF<\/li>\n<li>San Francisco (1945): United Nations Organization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Herring goes on to write that the Yalta Conference in 1945 &#8220;cannot be understood&#8221; without appreciating its context.\u00a0 What was the most essential context for appreciating the challenges posed to FDR at this Big Three gathering?<\/li>\n<li>How should we assess the historic significance of the Allies in World War II?\u00a0 Did they win the war but lose the opportunity for shaping a better peace?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/v3m4SU4APCM\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Dropping of the Atomic Bomb (1945)<\/h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4344\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-1024x777.png\" alt=\"Progress\" width=\"940\" height=\"713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-1024x777.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-768x583.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-1536x1166.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM-395x300.png 395w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-23-at-7.54.23-PM.png 1584w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>Atomic Age<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Col. Paul Tibbets was the pilot in command of the\u00a0<em>Enola Gay\u00a0<\/em>(a B-29 bomber named for his mother) that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. The city had a population of about 350,000 at that time. \u00a0The explosion immediately killed about 70,000 of those residents, destroying most of the city\u2019s buildings. \u00a0Tens of thousands more died in the weeks afterward. \u00a0Tibbets was interviewed on camera, not long after he returned (August 19th).<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qFcymt8jmOo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Russell Baker was a young 19-year-old naval pilot originally from Virginia who was training to go overseas in the summer of 1945.\u00a0 He later became a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the\u00a0<em>New York Times\u00a0<\/em>who recalled his coming of age during the Great Depression and World War II in a famous memoir,\u00a0<em>Growing Up\u00a0<\/em>(1982).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00a0\u201cOn August 9 the second atomic bomb was dropped at Nagasaki.\u00a0 Next night I wrote to my mother.\u00a0 \u201cWell, today, to all intents and purposes, the war ended.\u00a0 The feeling of extreme elation which I had expected, existed for a bare moment, then life subsided back into its groove and it was just another day\u2026.\u201d\u00a0 I didn\u2019t confess that I hated the war\u2019s ending.\u00a0 I knew she had been praying to God to save my skin; I could hardly tell her I was sorry her prayers had been answered\u2026 Still there was no hint in either my mother\u2019s correspondence or mine that the arrival of the nuclear age interested us much.\u00a0 My mother, also excited about premature news that the war was over, had less cosmic things on her mind.\u00a0 The night after the Nagasaki bombing she wrote:\u00a0 \u201cI\u2019m still hoping that you\u2019ll go to college when the war is over and study journalism; that is, if you\u2019re still interested in that kind of work.\u00a0 Don\u2019t lose hope and get married at this stage of the game.\u201d (Russell Baker,\u00a0<em>Growing Up,\u00a0<\/em>p. 230)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"attachment_457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2015\/03\/Potsdam-e1426705699752.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-457 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-118pinsker\/files\/2015\/03\/Potsdam-e1426705699752.jpg\" width=\"521\" height=\"652\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-457\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-457\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam, July 1945<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>John Lewis Gaddis of Yale University is one of the nation\u2019s leading historians of the Cold War era.\u00a0 In this excerpt, he challenges the widely-held view that President Harry S Truman never hesitated and never questioned his decision to authorize the dropping of two atomic bombs on the Japanese in 1945.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cIt took leadership to make this [containment of atomic war] happen, and the most important first steps came from the only individual so far ever to have ordered that nuclear weapons be used to kill people.\u00a0 Harry S Truman claimed, for the rest of his life, to have lost no sleep over his decision, but his behavior suggests otherwise.\u00a0 On the day the bomb was first tested in the New Mexico desert he wrote a note to himself speculating that \u2018machines are ahead of morals by some centuries, and when morals catch up perhaps there\u2019ll be no reason for any of it.\u2019\u00a0 A year later he placed his concerns in a broader context: \u2018[T]he human animal and his emotions change not much from age to age.\u00a0 He must change now or he faces absolute and complete destruction and maybe the insect age or an atmosphereless planet will succeed him.\u2019\u00a0 \u2018It is a terrible thing,\u2019 he told a group of advisors in 1948, \u2018to order the use of something that \u2026is so terribly destructive, destructive beyond anything we have ever had \u2026. So we have got to treat this differently from rifles and cannon and ordinary things like that.\u2019\u201d (John Lewis Gaddis,\u00a0<em>The Cold War<\/em>, p. 53)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Who was the most compelling US diplomat of the Second World War? CHAPTER 13:\u00a0 &#8220;Five Continents and Seven Seas&#8221;: World War II and the Rise of American Globalism, 1941-1945 &#8220;The Japanese attack on Hawaii undermined as perhaps nothing else could have the cherished notion that America was secure from foreign threat.\u00a0 The ensuing war [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4032","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4032"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4032\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}