{"id":4216,"date":"2022-01-22T13:08:17","date_gmt":"2022-01-22T13:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/?page_id=4216"},"modified":"2023-09-14T01:44:46","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T01:44:46","slug":"revolutionary-diplomacy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/revolutionary-diplomacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Revolutionary Diplomacy"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<h3>Was American revolutionary era diplomacy truly revolutionary?<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>CHAPTER 1:\u00a0 &#8220;To Begin the World Over Again&#8221;:\u00a0 Foreign Policy and the Birth of the Republic, 1776-1788<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4217\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-300x168.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-1024x575.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-1536x863.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM-500x281.png 500w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.07.30-AM.png 1592w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>&#8220;The Revolutionary generation held to an expansive vision, a certainty of their future greatness and destiny.\u00a0 They believed themselves a chosen people and brought to their interactions with others a certain self-righteousness and disdain for established practice.\u00a0 They saw themselves as harbingers of a new world order, creating forms of governance and commerce that would appeal to peoples everywhere and change the course of world history.\u00a0 &#8216;We have it in our power to begin the world over again,&#8217; [Thomas] Paine wrote.\u00a0 Idealistic in their vision, in their actions Americans demonstrated a pragmatism born perhaps of necessity that helped ensure the success of their revolution and promulgation of the Constitution.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;George C. Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower:\u00a0 U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 12.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>KEY TERMS &amp; FIGURES:<\/strong>\u00a0 US-French Alliance \/\/ Treaty of Paris \/\/ Benjamin Franklin<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Discussion-8-25-20-HIST-282.pdf\">Student Reflections (Fall 2020)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><strong>US-French Alliance (1778)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u201cFranklin\u2019s mission to Paris is one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of American diplomacy, important, if not indeed decisive, to the outcome of the Revolution. \u00a0The eminent scientist, journalist, politician, and homespun philosopher was already an international celebrity when he landed in France. \u00a0Establishing himself in a comfortable house with a well-stocked wine cellar in a suburb Paris, he made himself the toast of the city. A steady flow of visitors requested audiences and favors such as commissions in the American army. \u00a0Through clever packaging, he presented himself to French society as the very embodiment of America\u2019s revolution, a model of republican simplicity and virtue.\u201d \u2013George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower<\/em>, p. 19<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Discussion Question<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Why was the securing an alliance with France so vital to the success of the American Revolution?\u00a0 And yet how was it also a dangerous gambit?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-3783\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM-931x1024.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 931px) 100vw, 931px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM-931x1024.png 931w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM-273x300.png 273w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM-768x845.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2020-08-15-at-10.05.26-AM.png 1084w\" alt=\"Franklin\" width=\"931\" height=\"1024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3783\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3783\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engraving by Augustin de Saint-Aubin (National Portrait Gallery \/ London)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Historians on Franklin\u2019s \u201csalon\u201d diplomacy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rg6q_f-JD4M\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Franklin\u2019s headquarters in Paris<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2954\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-28-at-2.57.15-PM.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-28-at-2.57.15-PM.png 714w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2019\/01\/Screen-Shot-2019-01-28-at-2.57.15-PM-234x300.png 234w\" alt=\"BF residence\" width=\"714\" height=\"916\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Franklin lived here, at what was known as the Hotel de Valentinois, in part of the Chaumont residence in Passy from 1777-1785.\u00a0 \u00a0Today the address is 66 Rue Raynouard, Paris (Photograph courtesy of Graham Frater)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Additional Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/18th_century\/fr1778p.asp\">Model Treaty<\/a>\u00a0(1776)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/18th_century\/fr1788-1.asp\">Treaty of Amity and Commerce<\/a>\u00a0(1778)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/rr\/program\/bib\/ourdocs\/alliance.html\">Library of Congress webguide<\/a>\u00a0on US-French Alliance<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/collections\/benjamin-franklin-papers\/\">Benjamin Franklin Papers (LoC)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Treaty of Paris (1783)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4493\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Treaty-of-Paris-e1692237504215.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4493\" class=\"wp-image-4493 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Treaty-of-Paris-e1692237504215-300x249.jpeg\" alt=\"Paris 1783\" width=\"300\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Treaty-of-Paris-e1692237504215-300x249.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Treaty-of-Paris-e1692237504215-768x637.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2023\/08\/Treaty-of-Paris-e1692237504215.jpeg 828w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4493\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Treaty of Paris (1783), unfinished portrait by Benjamin West (<a href=\"https:\/\/msa.maryland.gov\/msa\/mdstatehouse\/html\/stairwellrm-treaty-of-paris-wall-peace-commissioners.html\">Maryland State Archives<\/a>)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u201cThe American negotiators have often been given credit for this favorable outcome [in the terms of the 1783 treaty].\u00a0 They shrewdly played the Europeans against each other, it has been argued, exploiting their rivalries, wisely breaking congressional instructions, and properly deserting an unreliable France to defend their nation\u2019s interests and maximize its gains.\u00a0 Such an interpretation is open to question.\u00a0 The Americans, probably from their own insecurities, were anxiety-ridden in dealing with ally and enemy alike.\u00a0 Jay\u2019s excessive nervousness about England and then his separate approach to that country not only broke faith with a supportive if not entirely reliable ally but also delayed negotiations for several months.\u00a0 It eased pressure on Shelburne to make concessions and left the United States vulnerable to a possible Shelburne-Vergennes deal at its expense.\u00a0 Jay and Adams had reason to question Vergenne\u2019s trustworthiness, but they should have informed him of the terms before springing the signed treaty upon him. Ultimately, the favorable settlement owed much less to America\u2019s military prowess and diplomatic skills than to luck and change:\u00a0 Shelburne\u2019s desperate need for peace to salvage his deteriorating political position and his determination to settle quickly with the United States and seek reconciliation through generosity.\u201d\u00a0 \u2013George Herring,\u00a0<em>From Colony to Superpower,\u00a0<\/em>pp. 32-3<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Discussion Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The paragraph above mentions four key individuals (two Americans, a Frenchman and an Englishman) and yet makes no mention of Franklin\u2019s contribution to the Treaty of Paris.\u00a0 How would you characterize his role and what was his relationship like with those other four figures?<\/li>\n<li>As Herring indicates, American negotiators have traditionally been given enormous credit for achieving a major triumph in the treaty ending the American Revolution.\u00a0 Why?\u00a0 What was so impressive about the terms of the Treaty of Paris for Americans?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_2303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><strong>Image Gateways<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Consider how painter Benjamin West portrayed the characters, personalities and relationships of the American delegation during the Treaty of Paris negotiations.\u00a0\u00a0And here are some other (less famous) visualizations of the power dynamics and issues at stake in the making of the 1783 peace treaty from previous History 282 students.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>From Prerana Pakhrin:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-382pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-796\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-382pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-1.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 919px) 100vw, 919px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-1.jpg 919w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-1-300x212.jpg 300w\" alt=\"\" width=\"919\" height=\"651\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-382pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-797\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-382pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-2.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1002px) 100vw, 1002px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-2.jpg 1002w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2011\/11\/Treaty-Paris-Pakhrin-2-300x164.jpg 300w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1002\" height=\"551\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>From Anne Crowell:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/01\/Crowell.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4183\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/01\/Crowell.jpeg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/01\/Crowell.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/01\/Crowell-300x218.jpeg 300w\" alt=\"Chart\" width=\"600\" height=\"437\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>KEY FIGURES<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2181\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Franklin-Benjamin.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"370\" \/>\u201cFranklin\u2019s mission to Paris is one of the most extraordinary episodes in the history of American diplomacy, important, if not indeed decisive, to the outcome of the Revolution. \u00a0The eminent scientist, journalist, politician, and homespun philosopher was already an international celebrity when he landed in France. \u00a0Establishing himself in a comfortable house with a well-stocked wine cellar in a suburb Paris, he made himself the toast of the city. A steady flow of visitors requested audiences and favors such as commissions in the American army. \u00a0Through clever packaging, he presented himself to French society as the very embodiment of America\u2019s revolution, a model of republican simplicity and virtue. (Herring, chap 1, p. 19)<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3>John Jay (1745-1829)<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2197\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John-300x225.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/495\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/495\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/495\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/495\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/495\/files\/2014\/12\/Jay-John.jpg 1920w\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/>\u201cOne area of progress [under the Articles of Confederation] was in the administration of foreign affairs. \u00a0[Robert] Livingston had repeatedly complained of inadequate authority and congressional interference. \u00a0He resigned before the peace treaty was ratified. \u00a0Congress responded by strengthening the position of the secretary of foreign affairs. \u00a0John Jay assumed the office in December 1784 and held it until a new government took power in 1789, providing needed continuity. \u00a0An able administrator, he insisted that his office have full responsibility for the nation\u2019s diplomacy. \u00a0Remarkably, he also conditioned his acceptance on Congress settling in New York. \u00a0Assisted by four clerks and several part-time translators, he worked out of two rooms in a tavern near Congress\u2019s meeting place. \u00a0He did not achieve his major foreign policy goals, but he managed his department efficiently. Interestingly, a secret act of Congress authorized him to open and examine any letters going through the post office that might contain information endangering the \u2018safety or interest of the United States.\u2019 \u00a0He appears not to have used this authority.\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/revolutionary-diplomacy\/\">Herring, chap. 1, pp. 35-6<\/a>)<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Other Key Players, Witnesses, or Examples<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-4216 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/?attachment_id=2535'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/03\/adams-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Adams\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2535\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2535'>\n\t\t\t\tJohn Adams\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/assignments\/profiles-in-diplomacy\/silas_deane_william_johnston\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Silas_Deane_William_Johnston-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Deane\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2041\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2041'>\n\t\t\t\tSilas Deane\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/revolutionary-diplomacy\/screen-shot-2022-01-22-at-8-20-05-am\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.20.05-AM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Mrs. Jay\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4220\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-4220'>\n\t\t\t\tSarah Livingston Jay\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/2017\/03\/06\/the-first-amendment-trumps-most-powerful-weapon\/thomas-jefferson-9353715-1-402\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/03\/thomas-jefferson-9353715-1-402-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Jefferson\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/03\/thomas-jefferson-9353715-1-402-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2017\/03\/thomas-jefferson-9353715-1-402.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2459'>\n\t\t\t\tThomas Jefferson\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/assignments\/profiles-in-diplomacy\/thomas_paine_rev1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2014\/12\/Thomas_Paine_rev1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Paine\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-2039\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-2039'>\n\t\t\t\tThomas Paine\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/course-syllabus\/revolutionary-diplomacy\/screen-shot-2022-01-22-at-8-22-12-am\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/files\/2022\/01\/Screen-Shot-2022-01-22-at-8.22.12-AM-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Powell\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-4221\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-4221'>\n\t\t\t\tElizabeth Willing Powel\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<hr \/>\n<h3><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Was American revolutionary era diplomacy truly revolutionary? CHAPTER 1:\u00a0 &#8220;To Begin the World Over Again&#8221;:\u00a0 Foreign Policy and the Birth of the Republic, 1776-1788 &#8220;The Revolutionary generation held to an expansive vision, a certainty of their future greatness and destiny.\u00a0 They believed themselves a chosen people and brought to their interactions with others a certain [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4216","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4216","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4216"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4216\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-282pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}