{"id":2673,"date":"2024-01-21T16:09:01","date_gmt":"2024-01-21T16:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/?page_id=2673"},"modified":"2024-03-28T18:29:10","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T18:29:10","slug":"turning-points","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/course-syllabus\/turning-points\/","title":{"rendered":"Turning Points"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Varon, Chapter 8:\u00a0 Under a Scorching Sun<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lee&#8217;s Second Invasion<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>May 15, 1863 &#8211;Davis, Lee, Seddon meeting<\/li>\n<li>June 28, 1863 &#8211;Meade Takes Command<\/li>\n<li>July 1-3, 1863 &#8211;Battle at Gettysburg<\/li>\n<li>July 14, 1863 &#8211;Re-Crossing of the Potomac<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vicksburg&#8217;s Circle of Fire<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Siege (May 18 &#8211; July 4, 1863)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>US Colored Troops (USCT)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Port Hudson (May 27) and Milliken&#8217;s Bend (June 7)<\/li>\n<li>Captain Andre Cailloux<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>A Turning Point? [July 1863]<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Gettysburg (July 1-3)<\/li>\n<li>Vicksburg (July 4)<\/li>\n<li>Black Soldiers in Harper&#8217;s Weekly (July 4)<\/li>\n<li>New York Draft Riots (July 13-16)<\/li>\n<li>54th Massachusetts (USCT) and Fort Wagner (July 18)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2><strong>Image gateway:\u00a0 The Scourged Back<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2330\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2330\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-1024x679.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-1024x679.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-768x509.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-1536x1019.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM-452x300.png 452w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-01-at-11.34.22-PM.png 1918w\" alt=\"Gordon images\" width=\"940\" height=\"623\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2330\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2330\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Original \u201cScourged Back\u201d images from Harper\u2019s Weekly, July 4, 1863<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2332\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2332\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-1024x536.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-1024x536.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-1536x805.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-2048x1073.png 2048w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-1.49.55-PM-500x262.png 500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"940\" height=\"492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2332\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2332\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographic sources for Harper\u2019s illustrations, taken behind Union lines in Louisiana, April 1863 (Library of Congress)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Sourged-Back-colorized.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2620 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Sourged-Back-colorized.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Sourged-Back-colorized.jpg 307w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2023\/01\/Sourged-Back-colorized-180x300.jpg 180w\" alt=\"Colorized scourged back\" width=\"307\" height=\"512\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2620\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2620\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u201cScourged Back\u201d by William D. McPherson, Baton Rouge, 1863, colorized in 2023 using artificial intelligence (AI) programs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>The Independent<\/em>\u00a0from New York, an antislavery periodical, first described the \u201cScourged Back\u201d photographs on May 28, 1863, in an article that urged the likeness to be distributed widely as a \u201ccard-photograph\u201d or carte de visite (CDV; see Brady version on far right above). The new editor, Theodore Tilton, wrote:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThis card-photograph should be multiplied by the hundred thousand, and scattered over the States. It tells the story in a way that even Mrs. Stowe cannot approach; because it tells the story to the eye.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>You can read a reprint of that original May 28th article in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/clip\/84780379\/reprint-of-original-the-independent\/\">The Liberator, June 19, 1863<\/a>, which had just the week before begun selling the \u201cScourged Back\u201d CDVs for 15 cents per card.\u00a0 That same week, William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. also provided his own reaction to the \u201cScourged Back\u201d in a piece for his father\u2019s newspaper on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/clip\/84781927\/dumb-witness-partial-excerpt\/\">June 12, 1863<\/a>.\u00a0 The editor\u2019s son\u00a0 quoted a letter from a white surgeon in a black union regiment (First Louisiana) reporting that he had seen \u201chundreds\u201d of such scourged backs among his men and that the image was important, because, \u201cIt is a lecture in itself.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2359\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-7.52.21-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2359\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-7.52.21-PM-129x300.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 129px) 100vw, 129px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-7.52.21-PM-129x300.png 129w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-7.52.21-PM-441x1024.png 441w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-7.52.21-PM.png 544w\" alt=\"July 25, 1863\" width=\"129\" height=\"300\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2359\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern Illustrated News, July 25, 1863<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Especially following the publication on the illustrations in\u00a0<em>Harpers<\/em>\u00a0in July 1863, Southern and some Northern Democratic newspapers denied the authenticity of the story behind the scourged back images.\u00a0 The Southern Illustrated News wrote on July 25, 1863:\u00a0 \u201cA more palpable falsehood was never published in any Yankee newspaper.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Under the headline, \u201cPoor Peter,\u201d the\u00a0<i>New York Tribune<\/i>\u00a0provided a fuller description of the background behind the infamy of the \u201cscourged back\u201d images, explaining that there were two different, French-speaking \u201ccontrabands,\u201d Peter (whipped back) and Gordon (ragged clothes), not a single transformed runaway, who appeared behind Union lines near Baton Rouge.\u00a0 The description, including a translation of an interview with Peter, appeared in an article from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newspapers.com\/image\/78661360\/\">December 3, 1863<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2339 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM.png 912w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-2.14.58-PM-464x300.png 464w\" alt=\"Poor Peter\" width=\"912\" height=\"590\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The best scholarly account of the \u201cscourged back\u201d image comes from David Silkenat, \u201c\u2018A Typical Negro\u2019: Gordon, Peter, Vincent Colyer, and the Story behind Slavery\u2019s Most Famous Photograph,\u201d\u00a0<em>American Nineteenth Century History\u00a0<\/em>15 (2014): 169-86 (America: History &amp; Life).\u00a0 Silkenat identifies the likely\u00a0<em>Harper\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0illustrator and author of the \u201cA Typical Negro\u201d article as\u00a0<strong>Vincent Colyer<\/strong>, showing how the artist and government agent re-used two of the images (the before &amp; after illustrations) in a book about his experiences in North Carolina. In that volume, Colyer claimed the black soldier who had appeared in Union lines was a runaway named Furney Bryant.\u00a0 However, Silkenat doubts the veracity of this claim.\u00a0 He does seem more willing to accept the possibility that the December 1863\u00a0<em>Tribune\u00a0<\/em>article distinguishing between \u201cPeter\u201d and \u201cGordon\u201d was accurate, though even on this critical point, he lacks certainty.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/digital.lib.ecu.edu\/13431\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2361 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-1024x717.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-1536x1076.png 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM-428x300.png 428w, https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/files\/2021\/09\/Screen-Shot-2021-09-05-at-8.17.27-PM.png 1768w\" alt=\"Furney Bryant\" width=\"940\" height=\"658\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Memory &amp; Meaning<\/h2>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Glory&#8221; (1989)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KD5DVxqmjRo\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Emancipation&#8221; (2022)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/deadline.com\/2021\/04\/apple-will-smith-antoine-fuqua-runaway-slave-movie-emancipation-georgia-exit-election-law-1234732247\/\">&#8220;Emancipation,&#8221; leaves Georgia; a &#8220;runaway slave thriller&#8221; telling the story of Peter in 1863<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wafyhTpWpUs\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>House Divided Project<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>After the fall of Vicksburg on July 5, 1863, Lincoln declared, \u201cGrant is my man and I am his the rest of the war.&#8221; Grant\u2019s Vicksburg campaign remains one of the most studied in American military history. \u00a0Students in History 288 should be able to explain why the months of maneuvering and the long siege are considered so pivotal. \u00a0And those interested in reviewing some primary sources from the siege, should consult <a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/blogdivided\/2010\/06\/04\/siege-of-vicksburg-mississippi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this post<\/a>\u00a0from Blog Divided.<\/p>\n<p>We will also begin a period of study concerning the Gettysburg Campaign which culminated in early July 1863. \u00a0The House Divided Project offers a number of resources about the campaign and the battle. \u00a0 There is the beginning of a major topic section\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu\/node\/36577\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>\u00a0inside the research engine that includes a number of powerful images, maps, and newspaper articles. \u00a0But students might find it more compelling to consult various posts at the Blog Divided, such as one about the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/blogdivided\/2010\/12\/10\/isaac-l-taylor-at-gettysburg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Taylor Brothers<\/a>\u00a0from the First Minnesota. \u00a0Isaac Taylor died on the second day of the battle. \u00a0His brother Henry, also enrolled in the regiment, helped bury him. \u00a0Or check out the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/blogdivided\/2010\/07\/26\/an-angry-father-at-gettysburg\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dramatic story of Sam Wilkeson<\/a>, a reporter for the New York Times, who was \u201cembedded\u201d with the Army of the Potomac and whose young son was a Union artillery officer killed on the first day of the battle. \u00a0There is also a post directing students to an\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/housedivided.dickinson.edu\/sites\/blogdivided\/2009\/01\/26\/interactive-look-at-gettysburg-from-the-us-army\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">engaging online exhibit<\/a>\u00a0from the US Army on the battle.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Varon, Chapter 8:\u00a0 Under a Scorching Sun Lee&#8217;s Second Invasion May 15, 1863 &#8211;Davis, Lee, Seddon meeting June 28, 1863 &#8211;Meade Takes Command July 1-3, 1863 &#8211;Battle at Gettysburg July 14, 1863 &#8211;Re-Crossing of the Potomac Vicksburg&#8217;s Circle of Fire Siege (May 18 &#8211; July 4, 1863) US Colored Troops (USCT) Port Hudson (May 27) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":373,"featured_media":0,"parent":13,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2673","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2673","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/373"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2673"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2673\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/hist-288pinsker\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2673"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}