Month: October 2025 (Page 6 of 6)

The Travels of Ibn Battutah: Mecca

Leaving Cairo, Ibn Battutah continues along through some other cities before arriving in Mecca. He and his companions are overcome with wonder and joy, since making this pilgrimage to Mecca was the point of their journey, and completing the Hajj is an important part of every Muslim’s life. Before entering the city, they stop at a wadi, or river valley, to bathe themselves, exchange their regular clothes for pilgrim garments, and pray. He describes the shape of the city of Mecca, noting that, as is written in the Quran, it is within “a valley bare of corn,” and so “fruits of every kind” are brought to the city, providing it with many fine foods from different countries (48). He has nothing but praise for the people of Mecca, enumerating their generosity for the poor, their excellent grooming habits, and the beauty of their women who would sooner go hungry than not have the money to buy perfume. He also describes their eating habits, and that they only eat one meal a day and otherwise only eat dried dates if they get hungry, so they are all very healthy and don’t often get sick. Ibn Battutah mostly describes the people he meets and the interactions he has with them. While he is staying in Mecca at the Muzaffariyah college, he has a dream of the Apostle of God in which many, including the Shaikh Abu Abdallah, come in and give them his allegiance. When he wakes up he recounts this dream to the Shaikh, who weeps and, from then on, always upholds the pledge he made in the dream to never again turn away a hungry supplicant from his house. He also tells the story of the strange demoniac living in Mecca at the time of his visit, although he doesn’t specify whether or not he ever personally met him. Instead, he narrates the tale of the strange faqir Hasan met, and how he came to lose his voice and his reason. The people of the town looked after him until he was taken back to Egypt by a pilgrim. 

Interestingly, Ibn Battutah doesn’t describe the rites of the pilgrimage itself, only writing the date he left the city on after they were completed, and which caravan he was hired onto. Perhaps he feels he doesn’t need to describe the rites, since they would be familiar already to his imagined audience, who would have undoubtedly also been Muslims. Or he assumes they would have already heard accounts of it already from other writers, or perhaps people they knew personally who had made the pilgrimage. So instead he focuses on the personal details of his own journey: the interesting people he meets, the religious vision he has, and so on. Perhaps this is why he wishes to continue traveling rather than simply returning home after completing his Hajj, since he wants to tell stories of all the marvels and strange things he has seen, and collect experiences that can’t be found in other accounts.

The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Constantinople

In his description of Constantinople, Benjamin of Tudela starts with a brief description of the government before turning to discuss the architecture. He focuses on especially on the great wealth displayed in the city. Wealth that he claims is drawn from a great market housing traders from across the known world and tribute from the surrounding areas that serve to greatly enrich the city. However, after discussing the great wealth and influence of the Greeks, Benjamin turns to the segregated area outside of the city, called Pera, where the Jews are forced to live. He describes the Jews there as wise, upstanding, and occasionally rich individuals who are nevertheless subjected to cruel mistreatment by the Greek majority. The readers once again learn nothing of Benjamin’s personal experience, but given that he is a Jewish traveler, he likely stayed in Pera and perhaps personally experienced or saw the oppression Jews in Constantinople endured.
Benjamin established the people of Constantinople as wealthy elites. They, especially the King Emanuel, have enough gold to plate every possible surface in it and to drape themselves in rich cloth of purple and gold silk. Equally he admires the grandeur of their festivities. He claims with a sense of awe that both the wealth and the entertainment found in Constantinople are unmatched anywhere on earth (21). However, he also states that the people are feeble and incapable of fighting. This contrast of splendor and might shows a chink in the gilded façade of the Greeks. Although he describes the magnificent churches and palaces in awe, he has very little to say about the Greeks as people. He briefly claims that they are rich and learned, but weak. While Benjamin is clearly an appreciator of the great splendor in the places he visits, he pays little attention to cultures outside of his own. His interest in others is in their monuments not their lives. Hence why in regions with little splendor to describe he moves from place to place at a rapid pace.
Benjamin’s description of the Jewish community, however, is far more personal. He lists the specific names of important individuals, both in major and minor cities. They are noted as “good, kindly, and charitable” as well as wealthy through trading and silk weaving (24). This attention to their personalities frames the Jews as real people more than the Greeks who are simply another sight to be observed. Their goodly personalities are even more relevant when contrasted with the oppression they face. Benjamin very rarely describes any action, but he takes the time to tell how the tanners throw dirty water on the Jews doorsteps and how they are beaten in the streets. Great empathy is devoted to the struggles of his community. His Jewish readership would be equally empathetic as they, especially those suffering under the inquisition in his native Spain, have similarly endured great hardship and discrimination. In the interpretation that this book was intended to let Jewish travelers know where was safe to go this passage informs them that although there is a large Jewish community of good people in Constantinople it is not a place with good conditions to live. Though the city itself is full of beauty to the traveler and opportunity for the merchant, there is danger to be wary of for any Jew passing through.

The Book of Wanderings of Felix Fabri: Trent

On April 21st, a week into Fabri’s journey, he crossed the border from Germany into Italy. After exploring the mountainous region of what is now the Trentino Alto-Adige region of Northern Italy, Fabri stays in the town of Trent – or Trento to the Italians. While they stay in Trent for only one night, Fabri’s depiction of the Italian town illuminates the tension between Germans and Italians. He focuses on the superiority of Germany and German people, and while the Wanderings is filled with religious biases and preferences, this is the first example of preference based on nationality. The distinctions Fabri draws between Italy and Germany illuminate his opinions as a traveller, which will be interesting to note as he moves farther and farther away from his home country. 

The descent into Trent is easy and steady for Fabri and he briefly remarks on the environmental history of the region. It is believed that the region was once part of the sea bed – as evidenced by the “iron rings where ships used to be fashioned” (Fabri ch.1). While it is typical of Felix Fabri to comment on the terrain as he travels between places, he has yet to be concerned with the history of the environment. Not only does he connect the physical environment to its history, but he also connects the ancient city of Trent to its founding by the Trojans. Fabri adapts a new, historical perspective in his description of Trent and Northern Italy. 

The most prominent dynamic alluded to in Fabri’s visit to Trent is the separation between German and Italian people. While the city itself is placed in a “most beautiful, airy, and healthy position” it is separated into two cities by the “races who inhabit it” (Fabri ch.1). The “upper city” is inhabited by the Italian population while the “lower city” is occupied by the Germans (Fabri ch.1). The area is controlled by the dynamic between the two populations’ differences in customs, language, and disposition. While there is a clear separation between the Germans and Italians, Fabri’s position is slightly muddled. The number of Germans in this area “increases daily” and Fabri attributes this to two factors. Either the lands of Germany are too cold, harsh, and barren to host such a strong population, or the “fierceness” of the people of Germany “whose near aspect no other race can endure, but all make way for them, yielding to their rage, which no man can resist” reigns above all else (Fabri ch.1). Fabri’s focus on the distinctions between the two groups of people illuminates the geographic tension of the two opposing nations. 

It would not be a Wandering of Felix Fabri without some form of religious description or experience. While the monastery in Trent takes more of a back seat in his account, the city itself is an important pilgrimage sight. The sight attracts religious pilgrims because of the sacrifice of a holy child, and Fabri emphasizes the importance of this landmark.  Before leaving Trent, he remarks on attending mass at the altar of the holy child – a detail he never leaves out in all of his travels. Fabri always mentions attending mass which recenters the narrative on his religious travels regardless of the other tangents or descriptions he explores. This reassertion towards the religious centers Felix Fabri’s travels back to his religion and structure of belief – the mission that upholds his reason for travel. As Fabri encounters some of the first differences in his pilgrimage to Northern Italy, his perspective as a traveller and inherent biases are further illuminated. 

 

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