{"id":113,"date":"2011-06-07T20:04:24","date_gmt":"2011-06-07T20:04:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/?p=113"},"modified":"2011-07-26T17:41:46","modified_gmt":"2011-07-26T17:41:46","slug":"a-romantic-natural-history-timeline-1750-1859","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/2011\/06\/07\/a-romantic-natural-history-timeline-1750-1859\/","title":{"rendered":"A Romantic Natural History Timeline: 1750-1859"},"content":{"rendered":"

1750:<\/strong> Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”; Johann Tobias Mayer, Map of the Moon<\/em><\/p>\n

1751:<\/strong> Linnaeus<\/a>, Philosophia Botanica<\/em><\/p>\n

1752:<\/strong> Thomas Chatterton b. (d.1770); Benjamin Franklin invents lightning conductor<\/p>\n

1753:<\/strong> Linnaeus<\/a>, Species Plantorum<\/em>; charter granted to British Museum<\/p>\n

1755:<\/strong> Benjamin Franklin, “Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind”; Sebastian Menghini (Italy) studies effect of camphor on animals<\/p>\n

1756:<\/strong> Edmund Burke, “Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful”<\/p>\n

1757:<\/strong> William Blake <\/a>b. (d. 1827); John Dyer, “The Fleece”<\/p>\n

1759:<\/strong> Robert Burns<\/a> b. (d. 1796); Franz Aepinus, Testamen theoriae electricitas et magnetesmi<\/em><\/p>\n

1760:<\/strong> Kew Botanical Gardens open<\/p>\n

1761: <\/strong> Rosseau, Julie, ou La Nouvelle Heloise<\/em>; B. G. Morgagni, On the Causes of Diseases<\/em><\/p>\n

1763: <\/strong> J. G. Kolreuter (Germany) studies fertilization of plants by animal pollen carriers<\/p>\n

1764:<\/strong> Charles Bonnet, Contemplation de la Nature<\/em><\/p>\n

1767:<\/strong> Joseph Priestley<\/a>, The History and Present State of Electricity<\/em><\/p>\n

1768:<\/strong> Captain James Cook<\/a> sails to Pacific (ret. 1771); P. S. Pallas on Transit of Venus<\/a><\/p>\n

1769:<\/strong> G. L. Cuvier<\/a> b. (d. 1832), Alexander von Humboldt b. (d. 1859)<\/p>\n

1770:<\/strong> William Wordsworth<\/a> b. (d. 1850)<\/p>\n

1771:<\/strong> Encyclopedia Brittanica<\/em>, first edition; Luigi Galvani<\/a> (Bologna) records “animal” electricity<\/p>\n

1772:<\/strong> Samuel Taylor Coleridge<\/a> b. (d. 1834); Rutherford and Priestley<\/a> discover nitrogen; John Walsh experiments on electric torpedo fish<\/p>\n

1774:<\/strong> Goethe, The Sorrows of Werther<\/em>; Robert Southey b. (d. 1843); F. A Mesmer (Austria) introduces “animal magnetism” (later “hypnosis”) for health<\/p>\n

1775:<\/strong> Captain Cook<\/a> returns from second voyage, J. C. Fabricus, Systema entomologiae <\/em>classifies insects; digitalis <\/em>(foxglove plant) used to treat dropsy<\/p>\n

1776:<\/strong> America declares independence (based on natural rights)<\/p>\n

1777:<\/strong> Priestley<\/a>, Disquisition Relating to Matter and Spirit<\/em>; John Aikin<\/a>, An Essay on the Application of Natural History to Poetry<\/em><\/p>\n

1778:<\/strong> G. L. L. Buffon<\/a>, \u00c9poques de la Nature<\/em><\/p>\n

1779:<\/strong> <\/em>David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion<\/em>, Captain Cook murdered in South Pacific; Spallanzani proves semen necessary for fertilization of egg<\/p>\n

1781:<\/strong> Rousseau, Confessions<\/em>; Herschel discovers Uranus<\/a>; Fontana<\/a> uses microscope to describe the axon of a brain cell<\/p>\n

1782:<\/strong> William Cowper, Poems<\/em>; Montgolfier brothers air balloon; Oliver Goldsmith, A History of the Earth and Animated Nature<\/em><\/p>\n

1784:<\/strong> Bernardin de Saint-Pierrre, Etudes de la Nature<\/em>; Goethe discovers intermaxillary bone<\/p>\n

1785:<\/strong> Thomas de Quincey b. (d. 1859); Salsano develops seismograph to measure earthquakes<\/p>\n

1786:<\/strong> Buffon<\/a>, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux<\/em>; first ascent of Mont Blanc; Herschel, Catalogue of Nebulae<\/em>; Linnaeus, Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants<\/em> (English translation)<\/p>\n

1788:<\/strong> Lord Byron<\/a> (George Gordon) b. (d. 1824); Laplace, Laws of the Planetary System<\/em>; Hutton , New Theory of the Earth<\/em><\/p>\n

1789:<\/strong> French Revolution begins; Blake<\/a>, Songs of Innocence<\/em>; Antoine Jussieu, Genera plantarum<\/em>;\u00a0 Erasmus Darwin<\/a>, The Botanic Garden<\/em> (-1791)<\/p>\n

1790:<\/strong> Goethe, Versuch, die metamprphose der Pflanzen zu erklaren<\/em>; Lavoisier, Table of Thirty-One Chemical Elements<\/em><\/p>\n

1791:<\/strong> <\/em> Michael Faraday b. <\/em>(d. 1867); William Bartram<\/a>, Travels through North and South Carolina<\/em>; Luigi Galvani<\/a> describes electrical stimulation of frog nerves; Buffon<\/a>‘s Natural History<\/em> (English translation)<\/p>\n

1792: <\/strong>Percy Bysshe Shelley<\/a> b. (d. 1822); Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women<\/em><\/p>\n

1793: <\/strong>John Clare<\/a> b. (d. 1864)<\/p>\n

1794: <\/strong>Blake<\/a>, Songs of\u00a0 Experience<\/em>; Erasmus Darwin<\/a>, Zoonomia, or the laws of Organic Life<\/em><\/p>\n

1795: <\/em><\/strong>John Keats<\/a> b. (d. 1821); Mungo Park explores Niger River<\/p>\n

1796: <\/strong>G. L. C. Cuvier<\/a> develops comparative zoology; Edward Jenner vaccinates against smallpox<\/p>\n

1797:<\/strong> Schelling, Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur<\/em>; Thomas Bewick, British Birds<\/em>; Nicholas de Saussure, Recherches chimiques sur la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation<\/em>; Lamarck, M\u00e9moires de physique et d’histoire naturelle<\/em><\/p>\n

1798: <\/strong>Wordsworth<\/a> and Coleridge<\/a>, Lyrical Ballads<\/em>; Thomas Malthus, “Essay on the Principle of Population”<\/p>\n

1799: <\/strong>preserved mammoth<\/a> discovered in Siberia<\/p>\n

1800: <\/strong>Humphry Davy, Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Concerning Nitrous Oxide<\/em>; F. G. Gall (Germany) develops phrenology; Royal College of Surgeons founded in London, Alessandro Volta<\/a> develops wet cell battery<\/p>\n

1801:<\/strong> Linnaeus<\/a>, Elements of Natural History<\/em>; M. F. X. Bichat, Anatomie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/em>; Robert Fulton (U. S.) develops first submarine in Brest; Lalande catalogues 47,390 stars<\/p>\n

1802:<\/strong> William Paley, Natural Theology: or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity, Collected from the Appearances of Nature; <\/em>John Dalton introduces atomic theory; Gottfried Treviranus (Germany) coins term “biology”<\/p>\n

1803:<\/strong> Ralph Waldo Emerson b. (d. 1882); Lamarck, Recherches sur l’organisation des corps vivants; <\/em>Giovanni Aldini<\/a> publishes attempts to revive corpses using electricity<\/p>\n

1804:<\/strong> Lewis and Clark<\/a> expedition begins (-1806)<\/p>\n

1807: <\/strong>Byron<\/a>, Hours of Idleness<\/em>; Wordsworth<\/a> “Ode: Intimations of Immortality”; von Humboldt and Bonpland, Voyage aux r\u00e9gions \u00e9quinoxiales<\/em><\/p>\n

1808: <\/strong>Goethe, Faust<\/em>, (part I); F. J. Gall publishes on phrenology<\/p>\n

1809:<\/strong> Alfred, Lord Tennyson b. (d. 1892); Charles Darwin<\/a> b. (d. 1882); K. F. Gauss, Theoria motus corporum coelestium<\/em>; Lamarck, Syst\u00e8me des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres<\/em>; Luigi Rolnado uses a galvanic current<\/a> to stimulate brain cortex<\/p>\n

1810:<\/strong> <\/em>Gall and Spurzheim, Anatomie et physiologie du syst\u00e8me nerveux<\/em><\/p>\n

1811: <\/strong>Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility<\/em>; Charles Bell, New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain<\/em><\/p>\n

1812: <\/strong>Byron<\/a>, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage<\/em>; Cuvier<\/a>, Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrup\u00e8des<\/em>; Davy, Elements of Chemical Philosophy<\/em>; Robert Browning b. (d. 1889)<\/p>\n

1813:<\/strong> Shelley<\/a>, Queen Mab<\/em><\/p>\n

1814: <\/strong>Wordsworth<\/a>, The Excursion<\/em>; Berzelius, Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity<\/em><\/p>\n

1815:<\/strong> Wordsworth<\/a>, “The White Doe of Rylstone”; Lamarck, Histoire naturelle des animaux<\/em><\/p>\n

1816:<\/strong> <\/em>Charlotte Bront\u00eb b. (d. 1855); Shelley<\/a>, “Alastor”; Coleridge<\/a>, “Kubla Khan” (written 1797); La\u00ebnnec develops stethoscope; Frankenstein “summer”<\/a> in Geneva<\/p>\n

1817: <\/strong>Byron<\/a>, “Manfred”; Henry David Thoreau<\/a> b. (d. 1862)<\/p>\n

1818:<\/strong> Byron<\/a>, Don Juan<\/em>; Keats<\/a>, Endymion<\/em>; Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley<\/a>, Frankenstein<\/em>; Bessel catalogues 3,222 stars<\/p>\n

1819:<\/strong> Keats<\/a>, Hyperion<\/em>; Shelley<\/a>, The Cenci<\/em>; Hans C. Oersted (Denmark) discovers electromagnetism<\/p>\n

1820: <\/strong>Keats<\/a>, “Ode to a Nightingale”, Shelley<\/a>, Prometheus Unbound<\/em>; Thomas Brown, Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind<\/em>; Andr\u00e9 Amp\u00e8re, Laws of Electrodynamic Action; <\/em>galvanometer<\/a> invented to measure electrical current through a conductor; whale ship Essex<\/em> rammed by a sperm whale in South Pacific<\/p>\n

1821:<\/strong> Keats<\/a> dies of tuberculosis; Shelley<\/a>, “Adonais”; Faraday discovers electromagnetic rotation<\/p>\n

1822:<\/strong> Shelley<\/a> drowns off Viareggio, Italy, in a summer squall; he had never learned to swim. Copies of Sophocles and Keats were found in his pockets.<\/p>\n

1824:<\/strong> Byron<\/a> dies of “fever” in the swamps of Missolonghi during the Greek war for independence. His body is shipped home in a wine-cask full of port; the Greek revolutionaries demand that his lungs (the source of his poetry: the “breath”) be left in Greece. Prevost and Dumas prove that sperm is necessary for fertilization.<\/p>\n

1826:<\/strong> Leopoldo Nobili invents the galvanometer.<\/p>\n

1827:<\/strong> J. J. Audubon<\/a>, Birds of North America<\/em>; Karl von Baer, Epistola de Ova Mammalium et Hominis Generis<\/em><\/p>\n

1829:<\/strong> <\/em>Tennyson, “Timbuctoo”; James Smithson founds Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

1830:<\/strong> Emily Dickinson b. (d. 1886); William Cobbett, Rural Rides<\/em>; Robert Brown (Scotland) discovers cell nucleus; Cuvier<\/a> and E. G. Saint-Hilaire debate “unity of plan” in organic structures; Charles Lyell<\/a>, Principles of Geology<\/em><\/p>\n

1831:<\/strong> Darwin<\/a> sails on H. M. S. Beagle <\/em>voyage (-1836); James Clark Ross determines location of magnetic North Pole<\/p>\n

1832:<\/strong> <\/em>Goethe, Faust<\/em>, part II (posth.)<\/p>\n

1834:<\/strong> Charles Babbage invents first computer (“analytical engine”); C. L. von Buch, Theory of Volcanism<\/em><\/p>\n

1835:<\/strong> <\/em>Wordsworth<\/a>, Poems<\/em>; Browning, “Paracelsus”; Halley’s comet reappears<\/p>\n

1836: <\/strong> Emerson, Nature<\/em>; Asa Gray, Elements of Botany<\/em><\/p>\n

1837:<\/strong> <\/em>John Burroughs b. (d. 1921)<\/p>\n

1838:<\/strong> Audubon<\/a>, final vol. of The Birds of America<\/em><\/p>\n

1840<\/strong>: <\/em>Louis Agassiz (Switzerland), Etudes sur les Glaciers<\/em><\/p>\n

1842:<\/strong> Matthew F. Maury (U.S.) develops oceanography; J. R. von Mayer (Germany), On the Forces of Inanimate Nature<\/em>; Crawford Long uses ether on humans<\/p>\n

1843:<\/strong> Wordsworth<\/a> named poet laureate<\/p>\n

1844:<\/strong> Horace Wells uses nitrous oxide for a tooth extraction; Robert Chambers, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation<\/em><\/p>\n

1845: <\/strong>Spencer Fullerton Baird<\/a> becomes professor of natural history at Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA<\/a>. A graduate of the school, he goes on to become the second director of the Smithsonian Institution<\/a>. When he leaves Carlisle to go to Washington, D.C., in 1850, he takes two boxcars full of specimens he has collected in the Cumberland Valley which form an important part of the Smithsonian’s early collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1846:<\/strong> Herman Melville, Typee<\/em>; H. von Mohl (Germany) describes protoplasm<\/p>\n

1847:<\/strong> Charlotte Bront\u00eb, Jane Eyre<\/em>; Emily Bront\u00eb, Wuthering Heights<\/em>; I. T. Semmelweis (Hungary) establishes link between maternal mortality and infection<\/p>\n

1848:<\/strong> Alfred Russell Wallace sails to Amazonia (-1852)<\/p>\n

1850:<\/strong> Tennsyon, In Memoriam<\/em>; Wordsworth dies; H. von Helmholtz measures speed of nervous impulses in frogs<\/a>; E. Du Bois-Reymond invents galvanometer<\/a> for nerves<\/p>\n

1851:<\/strong> Melville, Moby Dick <\/em>(based on the sinking of the Essex in 1820); Helmholtz develops opthalmoscope<\/p>\n

1852:<\/strong> Herbert Spencer coins term “evolution” in The Development Hypothesis<\/em><\/p>\n

1854:<\/strong> Thoreau<\/a>, Walden, or Life in the Woods<\/em><\/p>\n

1855:<\/strong> Browning<\/a>, Men and Women<\/em>; Longfellow, Song of Hiawatha<\/em>; Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass<\/em>; Spencer, Principles of Psychology<\/em>; Alexander Bain, Senses and Intellects<\/em><\/p>\n

1857: <\/strong>Pasteur proves that fermentation is biological<\/p>\n

1858:<\/strong> William Morris, Defence of Guinevere and Other Poems<\/em>; T. H. Huxley, The Theory of Vertebrate Skulls; <\/em>Darwin<\/a>‘s and Wallace’s findings presented to Linnean Society<\/p>\n

1859:<\/strong> <\/em>Thomas de Quincey dies; Leigh Hunt dies; Darwin<\/a>, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection<\/em><\/p>\n

—(Link to <\/em>Bibliography<\/a><\/strong> for individual works arranged by author’s name)—<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1750: Thomas Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”; Johann Tobias Mayer, Map of the Moon 1751: Linnaeus, Philosophia Botanica 1752: Thomas Chatterton b. (d.1770); Benjamin Franklin invents lightning conductor 1753: Linnaeus, Species Plantorum; charter granted to British Museum 1755: … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32524],"tags":[33110,832,33173,33130,2829],"class_list":["post-113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-monograph","tag-natural-history","tag-poetry","tag-prose","tag-romanticism","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/72"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=113"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/113\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.dickinson.edu\/romnat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}