Month: October 2024 (Page 1 of 2)

Baedeker’s  Great Britain: A Handbook for Travellers by Karl Baedeker stood out to me because of the maps inside of it – all 22 of them, as well as 58 visual plans of various buildings and one panorama. When I am holding the book, I feel as if I have travelled back in time, looking at maps of 1906 London. The guidebook contains information exactly relevant to when it was written, including hotel recommendations, popular sports, a brief history of the region, etc. Most of the maps are in color and are of the same material paper as the first three title pages in the book (Fig. 4). Although all of the pages are very thin, these pages have a slippery feel, almost as if they are laminated. The few that are black and white, such as the plans to Chichester Cathedral on page 54, as well as the other pages in the guidebook, feel very similar to the paper one could encounter reading a novel of today, except very thin; in many areas, you can see the shadow text of the previous page through the next (Fig. 9). The pages are slightly yellowed, and in some areas, they are folded over or ripped.

This Baedeker’s Great Britain is a 6^th edition copy published in 1906. It could have been published in three locations: Leipzig, with Karl Baedeker as the publisher; London, by Dulau & Co.; or New York, by Charles Scribner’s Sons. There is no definitive publisher in the title page, and there is no editor listed in the book. Baedeker’s is 4.25 x 6.25 x 1.125 in inches, and 10.8 x 15.9 x 3 in centimeters.

The guide is 606 pages long, plus 66 pages of front matter in Roman numerals. Notably, the several foldout maps within the book are not included among the numbered pages. Every 16 pages there are signature marks, on the first page a number or letter, and on the opposite page the same number or letter accompanied by an asterisk. In the introduction, this is done in lowercase letters and the following pages are done with numbers. Examples include “a” followed by “a*”, or “14” followed by “14*”; there are letters through “e” and numbers through “38”.

The book is bound with red cloth, and its title is indented and embossed with gold (Fig. 1). There are several other decorative indentations along the cover. The outer pages are decorated with what looks like a faded marbling design (Fig. 5). The decoration looks scalloped, but there are some variations to it. Although it is faded, along the top pages there is some visible color: black, blue, and some red (Fig. 10).

The binding along the spine of the book has slightly separated from the pages, allowing me to look behind the cover (Fig. 2). It appears to be bound by glue, some form of a connecting or protecting cloth, and staples. Some of these staples are visible through the pages of the book in the index; this was exciting to me because I was expecting thread or something similar, but instead I found metal. Because it is tarnished, I wasn’t certain at first if the staples were thread, but holding the book up to the light caused the few untarnished areas to shine, and seeing behind the spine of the book made it clear to me that they were staples.

There are also two fabric bookmarks attached to the spine, one in black and one in red, held in two different places in the book (Fig. 6). The red one has been severed from the spine and seems to be held there only by time and the memory of what it is supposed to do. This could suggest that there was more use out of this book than originally assumed, considering that there are very few marks in the book made by human hand. There are some dirt spots in the book, mostly in the front or back of it. My first thought was that they could have been crumbs; however, there is no evidence to support that (Fig. 8). In the middle of the book, I found a bug, pressed between pages 250 and 251 (Fig. 12). Upon further inspection, you can make out legs, antennae, and what could have once been wings. Following that discovery, I found several other small bugs preserved inside the guidebook.

On the front page directly glued to the cover of the book, there is a sticker that says “Library of Dickinson College”, the college logo, and “Presented by Edward M. Biddle” (Fig. 3). This sticker covers a list labeled “Baedeker’s Guide Books”. On the title page at the top right, written in pencil, there is a handwritten notation that says  “E. M.. Biddle, July 6, 1907” (Fig. 3). On the following page containing the imprint statements, there is another note, written in pen, that says the same thing (Fig. 4). The similarities between the handwriting indicate that this was likely written by the same person.

When I asked the archivist librarians at Dickinson if there were any files on Edward M Biddle, we found a list containing 15 Biddles, all of whom attended Dickinson College. This list has 4 Edward Biddles, three of whom could be Edward M. Biddle. We were able to find a file on one Edward Macfunn Biddle, who graduated from Dickinson in 1904, and directly afterward attended Yale (Fig. 7). It is possible that this was his book. If so, there is no way of knowing how he used it. Other than the two handwritten inscriptions, there is only one other annotation within the guidebook; in the same handwriting it says, “Aug 1946 EMBiddle – Gift” (Fig. 9). Beyond these markings. there are several proclaiming the book to be the property of the Dickinson Library, including the sticker at the front of the book, a red stamp that says “Dickinson College Library” along the top pages (Fig. 10), and a raised indentation on the imprint statement page that says “Dickinson College Library”. There is also a black stamp warning readers that “THIS BOOK MAY NOT BE TAKEN FROM THE LIBRARY”. It’s interesting that there are so many marks from the library; one of them even covers up some of the text.  Why might this have felt necessary?

 

 While I understand that history is not divided into inflexible periods, what struck me about Edward Topsell’s The Historie of Fovre-Footed Beastes, printed by William Jaggard in 1607, is that it seemed so anachronistic; I did not expect a bestiary, an anecdotal treatise that is, in my mind, characteristically ‘Medieval,’ to have been created in the early seventeenth century. At once, this made me reconsider the text and its context.

Beastes seems caught in this awkward period between eras––Reformation and Enlightenment––when scientific inquiry began supplanting the old dogmas of scholasticism and divine revelation. Like Medieval bestiaries, this codex is a compendium of factual and fantastical creatures with not only physical description of each but accompanying Christian symbology that explains them. In contrast to earlier texts, Beastes displays a subtle hint of the systematism I associated with later periods of bookmaking: it includes a catalog of every author known to Topsell who has written about animals, an epilogue, and an index of Latin and English animal names––all of which were comparatively new to the codex at the turn of the seventeenth century. Moreover, like Conrad Gessner’s Historia Animalium, from which Topsell drew almost all of his material, Beastes displays an interest in classifying the natural world with precise description in an easily accessible form intended for broader audiences. In the prefatory materials, an epistle from the collected works of Conrad Gessner, two introductions by Gessner and Topsell, contains its stated purpose: to inform, amuse, and above all to enlighten, for animals themselves are instructive, pleasing, and divine.

This early-modern juxtaposition between natural philosophy and natural theology is intriguing. However, my primary reason for choosing this book is, perhaps, less academic; what sealed the deal was the title’s vignette, “The Gorgon”: a creature that appears to be a scaled bull with pig trotters, a cow’s nose, and a woman’s mop of hair (Figure 1). How absurd is that? I would say that’s not what a Gorgon looks like, snake-haired and all, but then I’ve never actually seen one for myself, have I?

These woodblock prints are an incredible feature of this codex; it is replete with them––large and small, of animals, real and imagined, from the benign to the frightful: animals familiar to seventeenth-century England like rats or cats are represented with considerable accuracy (Figure 2 & 5); creatures less familiar to the Continent, like the rhinoceros, are armored in a literal sense, clad in what appears to be fluted plate mail and lamellar (Figure 3); others still, like the “Mantichora,” with its toothy grin that hangs from either ear, considers the reader with a hungry look (Figure 4). Doubtless, it would have been expensive to produce so many prints in a single book.

It would seem that past students also enjoyed this book as much as I have. Beastes has the many signs of frequent use––and misuse. The buildup of residual hand oil, indicated by smooth and darkened areas at the foot corners, suggests frequent use. In parts of the book, the damage seems intentional: in the section enumerating the various virtues and vices of the “Cat,” a reader has scratched away the eyes of the accompanying print (Figure 5), perhaps wary of the beguiling gaze which Topsell suggests; other entries, like that on the dromedary, given the cleanness of the tear, seem to have been ripped out of the book entirely!––a souvenir, perhaps? Or did one reader have a particular dislike for humped, desert-going mammalians? There are other examples of readers’ engagement with the book. Marginalia and annotation abound: I have found manicules, underlining, and margin notes throughout the book, signs that the readers sought to highlight information in the text for its later use (Figure 6). In other places, humorously, I found the bored and uneven, graphite scribblings of an uncooperative pupil, perhaps a more contemporary one (Figures 7). Indeed, it seems readers consulted Beastes often; however, these same readers were not, perhaps to Topsell’s chagrin, all that precious about this book.

At seven-hundred and ninety pages, twelve and a half inches long, eight inches wide, and two and a half inches deep, Topsell’s tome is a heavy and unyielding thing and in decidedly poor condition. The eight raised cords along the spine are nearly fully exposed, and only one remains attached to the front board (Figure 8). The somewhat flimsy pasteboards, covered in cracked caf’s skin, have all but separated from their hinges and joints (Figure 9). The endpapers have peeled away, revealing two equally spaced incisions along the outer edges of either board through which green ribbon appears to have been threaded (Figure 10). Perhaps because of the binding’s disrepair, the front matter is similarly damaged. The overall make of the book’s rag paper feels good––fine and smooth––but very thin, so much so that the printed ink bleeds through the pages, and many pages throughout are torn and crumpled.

I do not believe these were original features of this codex and am certain that it was rebound at least once. In The Historie of Fovre-Footed Beastes, the outer margins are one and three-quarter inches whereas the gutter margins are only one inch; in A Historie of Serpents, the outer margins are two inches, the gutter margins, one inch. This irregularity in formatting indicates that the pages were perhaps cropped to facilitate a rebinding. However, it is also possible the outer margins were deliberately made larger to accommodate the printed marginalia. Notwithstanding this, as discussed above, Topsell compiled and published Beastes and its front matter in 1607; he published Serpents the following year in 1608. Topsell’s introductory notes do not mention Serpents which indicates that, even if Beastes was not rebound to include the later text, if it were, say, taken to a binder only after the publication of the later text the following year, it was not Topsell’s initial intent to compile them. It is also possible that this book was one of those volumes produced in 1658; however, as there is no original front matter, this is something I cannot corroborate.

What is most striking about the binding is that it is not striking; even in its diminished state, it hosts no ornamentation, no embossing, no gold tooling, no marbling or mottled treatment––nothing. Why would such spartan binding enclose this no doubt expensive and decorative codex? Well, Topsell aimed not simply to impress but to inform and educate, and his audience, scholars, naturalists, aspirant zoologists, autodidacts, and students, likely valued content over aesthetics, facts over embellishment––decorative embellishments, that is, for as we probably know now, there is no such thing as a Gorgon.

Today, the books we read are generally new, printed within the last fifty years and in good condition. How will these books we read today look in three hundred years? An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts Containing their Foundation, Proceedings, and the Succeses of their Missionaries in the British Colonies, to the Year 1728 was an exceptionally high-quality book when first published. After nearly three centuries of use at Dickinson College, parts of the book are in a pitiful state.

As a religion minor, I choose to study this book as I have an interest in early modern religious history, especially the Reformation and British faith disputes in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. I feel that I can learn more not only about early eighteenth-century English Christianity, but also its confluence with London’s colonial policies in North America. I am likely not the first Dickinson student to glance upon its pages. Dickinson has a long tradition as a Presbyterian and then Methodist religious institution, with contemporary publications noting the religious fervor of Dickinson as early as 1823 (“Revival of Religion,” 536). Quite possibly, religion students read the work to learn about the religious demography of early modern North America.

David Humphreys, a Doctor of Divinity and secretary to the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, wrote An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society (title shortened). In 1730 Jospeh Downing printed the work in Bartholomew-Close, London. The book measures in at approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) of width, 7.5 inches (19 centimeters) of height, and 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters) in depth. The page count is 356 numbered pages, 31 introduction pages, and 3 non-numbered pages for a total of 195 sturdy sheets. These dimensions roughly align with those of modern books, albeit with a large page count for the small binding that potentially overburdened the binding. The thick paper is superb quality—dare I say better than the modern paper of our textbooks—and easy to handle. The binding is calf skin and although the rear cover is intact, the front cover no longer exists after centuries of use. With close examination, readers can see faint horizontal lines across each page in areas without text, likely the “chain marks” from hand-made paper production. After centuries of use, the work’s pages are still readable and durable, a testament to the quality of hand-made paper compared to later nineteenth century machine-made paper (Clapperton, 15).

Sadly, the binding is in much poorer condition. It is precarious holding Humphrey’s work; so little of the binding remains that pages could easily become torn from the book if readers are not delicate. The binding looks to be composed of leather, with a white string used in the spinal binding (See Fig. 1).

The book is no longer one complete work. Rather, the binding splits in different locations (beginning at the map page), creating separate sections of pages bound together. Characteristic of the printing process, most pages include “signature page marks” where a letter represents each section, with each page of the section numbered (See Fig. 2).

The book’s ink is well-preserved, with no prominent ink splotches or bleeds on the paper. The typeface is characteristic of other early modern books. The type setters chose to primarily employ the Letterpress Text font, but some sections (chapter titles in particular) are Italique 1557 (myfonts.com/pages/whatthefont). Almost every page contains certain special italicized words, such as Briti[s]h (See Fig. 3).

One aspect of the text that may baffle readers is the absence of the letter ‘s.’ Rather than using s in words, Humphreys chose to use f, spelling words such as Christian as Chriftian (as seen in the above image). Despite what readers may perceive today, the “long s” Humphreys employs is simply a different letter model for s, rather than the letter f. Save for this different model for s, the book is easy to read for readers such as myself and previous students.

The arrangement of text in An Historical Account of the Incorporated Society is intriguing. Marginal notes abound on virtually every page. Downing printed these numerous small notes next to the larger text rather than writing any by hand. These marginal additions provide brief context on the topics discussed in the text as in this image that clarifies that changes to the “bylaws and lea[s]es” of the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts to require a majority quorum of voting members (See Fig. 4).

Some marginal notes appear to be portions of the text that went unprinted initially, but others are simple comments and do not seem to fit within the larger text. Perhaps Jospeh Downing printed the marginal notes both to add new comments and include sentences missed in the initial printing. Some pages contain catchwords that assist printers by indicating the next page’s first word (See Fig. 5). Numerous pages throughout the book display black and white ornamental illustrations (not images). Decorative border pieces adorn the beginning and end of chapters (See Fig. 6).

 

Smaller fleurs-de-lis create boundaries between different sections/chapters on the same page (See Fig. 7). The most recognizable illustration is the royal seal of England. The seal appears at the beginning of the Charter/preface section, meant to lay out the goals of the Society and thank the monarchs William III (who assisted in founding the society) and George II (the British king in 1730). These numerous illustrations and gold lining along the edges of the rear cover indicate the significant financial investment made by the Society into printing a visually stunning book that retains its beauty today even without a functional binding. 

The work came to Dickinson College from the collection of well-regarded eighteenth-century Philadelphia politician and businessman Isaac Norris. The Norris Collection holds nearly two thousand books on numerous intellectual topics. Mary Dickinson and her husband John donated the collection to Dickinson College in 1783, the same year the college opened. I am excited to continue the work of previous students in unpacking this beautiful book brought to Dickinson College 241 years ago. 

 

 

Works Cited 

Clapperton, R.H. The Paper-making Machine: Its Invention, Evolution, and Development.  

          Google Books E-Book, Pergamon Press, 1967. 

          “Revival of Religion.” The Religious Intelligencer, 18 Jan. 1823,  

          proquest.com/docview/137429704/pageviewPDF/A2297C93E1CB46F4PQ/1?                   

          accountid=10506&sourcetype=Magazines. Accessed 15 October 2024.

 

“What the Font?” My Fonts, myfonts.com/pages/whatthefont. Accessed 23 September 2024. 

 

George Sandys’ 1632 edition of Ovid’s Metamorphoses stands out within his oeuvre for one reason—its beautifully drawn illustrations. From the binding, one would never know that the book contained sixteen full-sized lithographs, each exquisitely detailed and depicting a different story from Metamorphoses. The spine reads Ovid’s Metamorphosis, but the title page states the full title as Ovid’s Metamorphosis Englished, Mythologiz’d, and Represented in Figures. An Essay to the Translation of Virgil’s Ӕneis, finally clueing readers into the splendor of the book (See Figures 1 and 2).        Frances Clein designed the lithographs, which Salmon Savery then implemented (Ellison). John Lichfield, an experienced publisher at Oxford University, published this edition. Only his name is credited alongside Sandys’ on the title page.

This copy of Metamorphoses had many oddities, most of which lie in its formatting.  Sandys’ translation is a large, heavy folio, far taller and wider than any book I have ever owned. It contains 549 pages, but there are multiple mistakes regarding the pagination that beg the question of what exactly happened during printing. There are two sections in the text where the numbers skip, omitting pages 47-50 and 122-144. The first instance of missing pages may very well have been a simple mistake as the result of human error and oversight. But the second instance—skipping 22 entire pages—is much harder to ignore. How does such an error happen? Adding to the oddity of it all, the actual story itself does not skip. The text of Metamorphoses flows continuously from page 121 to 145 with the correct catchwords and signatures. By all accounts, no physical pages are missing. The binding remains firmly intact and there are no remnants of pages destroyed or removed. It seems more likely than anything that it is a case of mistype, but again, such an egregious error makes one wonder how no one caught it before it went to print. John Lichfield had worked as Oxford’s printer since 1617, making him a veteran of the craft (Roberts). To have a book he published and printed contain such an error would be almost unthinkable, but in all likelihood we may never know the true circumstances of how the pagination came to be so incorrect. 

 Before the actual text of Ovid’s work begins, there are 10 pages of front matter. The text is then separated into fifteen books, followed by a translation of Virgil’s Ӕneis. The black and white illustrations accompany each of the fifteen books depicting their respective myths, but the Aeneid does not have its own illustration. The sixteenth illustration is the elaborate frontispiece alongside the title page (Figure 3). The illustrations themselves are lithographs, evident by the impressions on the backside of each illustration. The pages are in good condition, and all the illustrations are intact except for one. The illustration accompanying book three has a noticeable tear starting in the bottom right corner that extends to nearly half the page. It is poorly taped in the back, and the illustrated side has brown lines and markings along the tear that bled onto the first page of book three (Figure 4).

The paper itself has held up well over the centuries, with only a few spots of mildew and occasional stains scattered throughout. The paper has a slight thickness to it and it is smooth and flexible. Based on the date of publication, the pages are most likely cloth-based, made from rag or hemp. I do not have personal experience with telling types of paper through touch, but the Dickinson College Special Collections Librarian, Malinda Triller-Doran, also assessed the pages and confirmed the paper is cloth-based. The binding is calfskin, indicated by its smooth texture and dark brown color. I compared Ovid’s Metamorphosis Englished, Mythologiz’d, and Represented in Figures to other texts in the Archives & Special Collections that were bound in vellum, calfskin, and pigskin as confirmation. 

A unique characteristic of this text is the amount of front matter and paratexts it holds. After the frontispiece and title page, there is an explanation of the frontispiece titled “The Minde of the Frontispeece, and Argument of this Worke” (Figure 5). Following this, there is dedication from Sandys to King Charles I (Figure 6), a panegyric to King Charles I, an address from mythological figure Urania to Queen Henrietta Maria, an address to the reader, and finally two sections on Ovid: “The Life of Ovid” and the aforementioned “Ovid Defended.” Throughout the paratexts are references to Greek myths Ovid included in Metamorphoses, such as those of Circe, Hercules, and of Echo and Narcissus. I found it interesting that Sandys included both a dedication to Charles I and a speech of praise addressed to him. To include both seemed to be excessive, so it is possible that Sandys was trying to curry favor with the king. I was not familiar with the word “panegyric” until reading it here, but upon learning its definition, I understood why Sandys included it in the front matter.

As mentioned previously, the pages and actual text of the book are well-preserved, but the binding is a different matter. The spine is in good condition, but the cover has some severe wear. It suggests that the book was either well-loved or improperly stored, possibly both. Both the front and back covers have discoloration and deep gouges, exposing the board of the book in multiple spots. There is also a stain on the backside of the leather. Different-sized splotches litter the fore edge, matching the external wear on the rest of the book. The text does feature some inscriptions, particularly on the title page. Someone wrote the name Thomas Chadwick alongside the word “Book” and “1780”—likely Mr. Chadwick himself. There is also illegible text written in brown ink above the name. On the flyleaf, in pencil, someone wrote £2.10, suggesting the book sold for that price at some point, but it is impossible to discern when. Ideally, I will be able to uncover more about the book’s history in Part II: Origins, along with the mysteries of the pagination and Sandys’ considerable devotion to King Charles I. 

 

 

Works Cited:

Ellison, James. “Sandys, George (1578–1644), writer and traveller.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  January 03, 2008. Oxford University Press. 

 Roberts, R. Julian. “Lichfield, Leonard (bap. 1604, d. 1657), printer.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.  September 23, 2004. Oxford University Press.

The first thing one notices about The Generall Historie of the Turkes is its size. Standing a 12 in long by 8½ in wide by 3⅞ in tall and consisting of over 1152 pages, one cannot help but be drawn to it. This curiosity is rewarded when, turning over the cover, you are greeted by an intricate engraving that depicted the title flanked by a colonnade and two armored men (figure 1). The sheer length of the title, The Generall Historie of the Turkes, From the First Beginning of That Nation to the Rising of the Othoman Familie: with all the Notable Expeditions of the Christian Princes Against Them. Together With the Lives and Conquests of the Othoman Kings and Emperors Faithfullie Collected Out of the Best Histories, Both Ancient and Moderne, and Digested into One Continuat Historie Untill This Present Yeare 1603, demands further investigation.

Apart from its artistry of this page, engraved by Laurence Johnson, one can glean much information about the book’s biography. Richard Knolles authored it, and Adam Islip published the work in London 1603, making it a first edition (“Generall Historie of the Turkes First Edition – Richard Knolles”). T. Edward Munce Sr is written on the bookplate, informing the observer who donated the book to Dickinson, where it currently resides (figure 2). A friend named Francis Wayne MacVeagh apparently gave the book to Munce, evidenced by an inscription on the back of the title page, though where he got the book is not apparent. A last name is associated with the book, King James I of England, to whom a lengthy dedication is written just after the title page (figure 3). This regal audience explains the amount of money put into the work.

 

 

 

        The Generall Historie of the Turkes’ physical condition has much to tell an observer about the book’s story. The binding, composed of half leather and half stiff fabric according to archivist Melinda Triller, is obviously not original but still is showing its age (figure 4). The leather is heavily worn along the joint making the front cover feel like it might detach from the book. It is also flaking-small, almost powdery bits are left on the desk after handling. The bottom right corner is torn, revealing the cardboard beneath. Despite this exterior wear, the book never feels at risk of falling apart in your hands. Acid from the leather, or perhaps the glue holding down the boards, has stained the end papers that got installed with the new binding, which is of a much sturdier stock of paper than the book itself (figure 2).

 

 

 

The original paper is of varying quality and state of repair. For the most part it has held up well; the paper is sturdy and thick. However, occasionally, the paper feels quite thin and flimsy, reminding you that the book is centuries old. The most glaring issues are the several pages that are far more worn, its edges frayed and stained (figure 5). These pages have had substantial repair work done to them, with the deteriorated page affixed to a backing of thin paper that has an almost tape-like texture to it. The backing brings the page back to its original proportions and stops more wear from page turning. Some pages in the front matter have been cropped, as evidenced by Laurence Johnson’s name being partially cut off (figure 1).

 

 

The book is full of other of Johnson’s engravings. He made detailed headpieces for the different sections of the history, along with initial letters for each chapter. Most impressive, I would say, are the black-and-white engravings of the Ottoman kings and emperors’ portraits present at the beginning of their respective biographies, as well as that of some of the other important figures such as Skanderbeg (figure 6). The beginning of each monarch’s biography also has a poem, written by Knolles or another poet, and written in both Latin and English about their reign (figure 7). Knolles also put aides for his Christian audience that list some contemporaneous rulers of Europe. These features make this book special and show off the care taken in its crafting.

 

 

Reading the book is interesting as a modern person. Paragraph breaks are scarce, some pages having none (figure 8). Perhaps to aid with this, several letters are placed in the margins to break up the walls of text. The largest barrier to surmount, though, is the 17th century spelling. The infamous long s is easy enough to adapt to, but other quirks like how v and u seemingly being interchangeable slows reading down considerably. Trying to parse words such as ‘diuers’ (diverse) is particularly a challenging experience. The content of the book is more chronology that what we would call history, although Knolles tries to explain the Ottomans’ success in an afterword. His narrative style is accentuated by his inclusion of sometimes long quotations of speeches (figure 9). To aid the reader’s understanding of chronology, and to help find certain events, short blurbs are placed in the margins summarizing events.

 

 

The last 421 years have left the book with many marks. There are, of course, the various stains one might expect from such an old book, from water or occasional ink. Along with these, though, are some quite intriguing finds. For a few pages starting with pg. 220, someone notated the text with blue ink, underlining certain passages (figure 10). Bayezid I’s conflict in with Tamerlane greatly interested this mystery annotator, it would seem. Another annotator made many doodles and marks around page 468 (figure 11). There is some damage, such as a tear on page 309 and interestingly a burn mark on page 248 (figure 12). The most humanizing, I think, is someone’s math on page 293 (figure 13). This equation to figure out how long ago an event took place really spoke to me, showing how I am connected through this physical artifact to someone from 1722.

 

 

Works Cited

“Generall Historie of the Turkes First Edition – Richard Knolles.” Bauman Rare Books

<https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/knolles-richard/generall-historie-of-the-turkes/111711.aspx>

Knolles, Richard. The Generall Historie of the Turkes. Adam Islip, 1603.

Several contributors compiled the tunes of “Gospel Hymns Combined,” Ira D. Sankey, James McGranahan, and George C. Stebbin, D.L Moody, Rev. Robert Lowry, and W. Howard Doane. However, the back cover of the booklet gives special consideration to one name—P.P. Bliss (figure 1).

Born July 9, 1838, in a log cabin nestled within the central corridor of the Pennsylvanian Appalachians just outside of Clearfield County (Reese 1999). Philip Bliss earned recognition as one of the most famous American songwriters in history. So much so, that his peers, including Ira Sankey, respected and acknowledged his superior talent (Reese, 1999).  

His passion for writing Sunday school prayer melodies most likely stems from his early adoption of Christianity in his childhood as well as his work as a schoolteacher at the end of his formative years (Reese, 1999). At the age of twelve, Philip Bliss made his first public confession of Christ and joined the Baptist church. He later engaged in Methodist camp meetings and revival services (Reese, 1999). At the age of eighteen, Philip Bliss became a schoolteacher in New York where his musical talent would be recognized by a number of musical cliques (Reese, 1999). After only 4 years in New York, he returned to his home state and began tutoring pupils to supplement his income. After securing a spot and completing his stay in the Normal Academy of Music in New York, and moving to Chicago thereafter, his career eventually found great success, earning himself more than $90,000, or over three million dollars in today’s currency, nearly all of which was purportedly given to Evangelical charities (Reese, 1999). In Chicago, Bliss would mingle with other contributors of “Gospel Hymns Combined” such as D.L Moody and Ira Sankey, all of whom would regularly collaborate (Reese, 1999). 

Tragedy struck Philip’s life in 1876 (Reece, 1999), when a snowdrift upturned the Pacific Express train as it passed through Ashtabula, Ohio, launching hum and 160 others from the rails and down into the icy waters of the ravine 75 feet below (figure 2). Philip Bliss never got the chance to witness the printing of “Gospel Hymns Combined” in 1879, although the book is a testament to his lifelong commitment to gospel music considering the multiple acknowledgements to his work. Philip Bliss stands alone in the musical canon of American Gospel music. His home, now known as the Philip Paul Bliss House, opened as the Philip P. Bliss Gospel Songwriters Museum in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historical Places in 1986 (figure 3) (Ross, 2009). Just as important as Philip Bliss were the publishers who made it possible to distribute his renowned and much enjoyed music, Biglow & Main of New York and Chicago and John Church & Co. of New York and Cincinnati. 

Founded in 1868 by Sylvester Main and his son Huberty Platt Main, Biglow & Main began as a publisher of hymnals in New York (National Endowment for the Humanities, 2024). Their first publication was “Chapel Melodies” in 1868. The title page nearly identically mirrors the formatting of “Combined Gospel Hymns” apart from the varying fonts (figure 4) and includes music notation (figure 5)—a feature they would depart from in the future publication of “Combined Gospel Hymns”. Notably, this publication also credits Rev. Robert Lowry. Perhaps as a turn of fate, the publishing house appointed Ira Sankey as president in 1895 (National Endowment for the Humanities, 2024). 

John Church & Co. Of New York and Cincinnati co-published this book—a music retailer and manufacturing house founded in 1859 in Cincinnati that primarily produced sheet music and pianos (Stinnet, 2024). Despite John Church’s propensity towards sheet music, the publication notably omits music notation altogether, bringing into question why exactly Biglow & Main chose Mr. Church’s company in particular to be a co-publisher of “Combined Gospel Hymns.” One reason might have been the momentum of John Church’s company at that time. Clearly, the publishing house played a significant role in the music industry of the late 1800’s, as The National Register of Historic Places added the original John Church building to their list (Stinnet, 2024), despite no longer being in operation (figure 6). Nevertheless, John Church & Co. Handled both the printing and binding of this book in-house in Cincinnati (Stinnet, 2024). John Church later expanded into cities like New York, Chicago, and Boston after finding great success in Ohio (Adams, 2021). As a result of their success in the music industry, the Royal Manufacturing Company bought Mr. Church’s company as they acquired many others into the fold in 1891 (figure 7).  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography

 

Reese, Ed. “Life and Ministry of Philip Bliss.” Christian Biographies, June 13 1999, https://www.wholesomewords.org/biography/biobliss.html

 

National Endowment for the Humanities. “Biglow & Main.” Hymnary. Accessed October 13 2024. https://hymnary.org/person/BiglowMain

 

Adams, Nathaniel. “John Church Company & Royal Manufacturing Company – Cincinnati, Ohio.” S. Nathaniel Adams, Documenting history as well as my experiences with repairing and restoring vintage guitars, August 17 2021. https://www.snathanieladams.com/2021/08/john-church-company-royal-manufacturing.html

 

Stinnet, Michael. “Church, John & Company.” Antique Piano Shop. Accessed October 13 2024. https://antiquepianoshop.com/online-museum/church-john-company/

Ross, Stephen, Ross, Dorothy. “Philip P. Bliss Songwriters Museum.” Wholesome Words. Accessed October 13, 2024. https://www.wholesomewords.org/biography/biobliss16.html

With a title like: An Almanack; Containing an Account of the Coeleslial Motions, Aspects, &e. For the year of the Christian Empire, 1691; a reader would expect to peruse the lunar cycles and weather predictions for 1691. This is the intended use for an almanac; a tool for farmers to help predict how crops would perform based on meteorological and astrological predictions for the year. However, the reader would be mistaken as this book is neither an almanac, in the traditional sense, nor from 1691. The present edition of An Almanack was printed in 1843, and the text is almost entirely The New England Primer, not an almanac. The New England Primer is a children’s textbook that was printed and used to promote literacy in America. This edition of An Almanack, apart from the front matter, is The New England Primer written by Benjamin Harris, who while not credited as the author of this book is included on the title page as the original publisher. This inclusion is intriguing as the primer was not added to the Henry Newman text until the second edition print in 1777 and again in the present edition from 1843.  

As if the almanac was not confusing enough in title and author, there is second title page in between the front matter and the primer text. The second title page more clearly identifies the book as The New England Primer printed in 1777. See Figure 1 It is difficult to assume as to why the editor (unknown) of the current edition would include the title page of the previous edition, but it is helpful to identify when and where certain aspects of the current edition were added to the Henry Newman text. 

The size of this book should also be stressed. The typical almanac is in quarto size; roughly 12 inches tall. This almanac however is only 4.5 inches tall. It can fit in the palm of one hand and is less than half an inch thick. Compared to a quarto this book is miniscule; another reason being named An Almanack is widely misleading (“Quarto”). 

The almanac has 46 leaves, none of which are numbered, and all show signs of foxing and staining. The pages are likely made of wood pulp as the switch to this material was made in the year prior to its publication and made a stronger paper (Valente). The publication year of the book also helps to determine the body font in this book which I have identified to be Bodoni (Penney). I determined this by researching what font type was widely used in the 19th century, I then used the app What the Font to confirm that the main font used in the book is Bodoni (WhatTheFont). The cover and binding unfortunately share in the signs of aging as the pages. See Figure 2 The book is bound with a cotton ribbon that from repeated use has been exposed on the inside of the book. The blue color from the front and back cover is flaking off from the cardboard, and the book is very delicate because of this.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The front matter of this book is dense as it spans over 4 leaves. The front matter contains a note from the publisher of the present edition, two advertisements, an introduction to the present edition, certificates, a song and a portrait. The publisher, Ira Webster, notes that all the known information about the origin of The New England Primer is included in one of the advertisements as a part of the front matter. See Figure 3 Webster also notes that the information was copied from a book in the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Library. This publisher’s note and the advertisement mentioned are both printed on the original title page. The advertisement is for The New England Primer enlarged and similarly to this book would have been printed with the inclusion of other writings.  

The second advertisement is atypical as it is not an advertisement for another writing but rather a society of women from Boston who vouch for reading the primer. It is also worth mentioning that the editor left a note that this advertisement was from a member of the society and the documents she had access to.  See Figure 4 

The introduction to the present edition narrates the story of the Westminster Assembly of Divines and how this led to the Puritan arrival in America with the Shorter Catechism. See Figure 5 The Westminster Assembly of Divines was held by the English long parliament with the intention of reforming the Church of England. From the gathering the Shorter Catechism was written, that is, questions and answers that help to teach the values of the protestant religion (“The Westminster Shorter Catechism”). The introduction stresses the importance of the catechism to the Puritans, and then questions why these teachings should not continue now, as in 1843, since they are the “richest treasure that ever human wisdom and industry accumulated” (Newman). 

The introduction page also indicates where, when, and how the present edition was printed, and the price at four dollars. See Figure 5 The book was published and sold by Ira Webster in Hartford, Connecticut and was printed by R. H. Hobbs using the stereotyping method. The stereotyping method used durable metal plates, which printed faster and would last longer than other printing methods at the time. The stereotyping method also created exact copies of text on each sheet, the term stereotyping developed from this process (“Stereotyping Printing”). 

The certificates in the front matter can be best qualified as endorsements that are found in modern books. I included a comparison of a certificate from An Almanack and those from a modern book. See Figure 6 The certificates are quoted material from contemporary writers or experts on the subject of the catechism. There is a note from the editor that these were included to add to the validity of the book, and for people likely to have known the authors, they would stress the gravity of the teachings.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After the certificates in the front matter is A Song on Praise. A Song on Praise is a hymnal which reads: 

How glorious is our heav’nly King 

Who reigns above the sky! 

How shall a child presume to sing, 

His dreadful Majesty? 

How great his Pow’r is, none can tell, 

Nor think how large his Grace;  

Not Men below, nor Saints that dwell 

On high before his Face. 

Not angels that stand round the LORD, 

Can search his secret will;  

But they perform his heav’nly word, 

And sing his Praises still. 

Then let me join this holy train, 

And my first off’rings bring; 

Th’eternal GOD will not disdain 

To hear an infant sing. 

My Heart resolves, my tongue obeys, 

And angels shall rejoice, 

To hear their mighty maker’s praise 

Sound from a feeble voice.  

The song was written by Dr. Issac Watts who was known for his writing of hymnals especially in language that children would have been able to decipher (Watts).  

Finally, the portrait incorporated in the front matter is captioned, “The Honorable John Hancock, esq; President of the American Congress.” The portrait is a beautiful seal of John Hancock in side profile and is drawn in a contour line style of portraiture. See Figure 7 Around the portrait are embellishments that resemble roses, and there is a noticeable absence of ink in parts of the picture. John Hancock was from Massachusetts, as was the almanac, which could be the reason for his presence in this book. It is however interesting that he would be pictured in a deeply Protestant book as he was an open advocate for Christianity (Smith).  

Apart from the front matter, this book has user marks on the inside cover. From the handwriting left behind, I was able to identify a former owner of An Almanack to be Alice B. French and her sister Hatty French. Alice also left the city of Bedford, New Hampshire in her inscription. In another post, I will outline further who Alice B. French is and how her life contributes to our knowledge about how this book was read. It is incredibly lucky to have this information left behind in the book for deciphering the life of the book. See Figure 8 

 

 

Works Cited 

“Book Descriptions: Glossary of Terms.” Book Addiction, bookaddictionuk.wordpress.com/book-collecting/book-descriptions-glossary-of-terms/. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024. 

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. “Westminster Assembly.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 24 Jun. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Westminster-Assembly. Accessed 9 October 2024. 

“The New-England Primer Enlarged. For the More Easy Attaining the True Reading of English. To Which is Added, the Assembly of Divines Catechism.” New York Public Library, www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/galleries/childhood/item/4109. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024. 

Newman, H. (1843). An almanack containing an account of the Coelestial Motions, Aspects, &c. For the year of the Christian Empire, 1691. Ira Webster. 

Penney, Margaret. “Type in History: The Didones.” Sessions College, 26 Nov. 2016, www.sessions.edu/notes-on-design/type-in-history-the-didones/. Accessed 8 Oct. 2024. 

“Quarto.” ABAA Glossary of Terms. The Antiquarian Booksellers’ Association of America, www.abaa.org/glossary/entry/quarto. Accessed 10 Oct. 2024. 

Smith, Gary Scott, ‘John Hancock: Congregationalist Revolutionary’, in Mark David Hall, and Daniel L. Dreisbach (eds), Faith and the Founders of the American Republic (New York, 2014; online edn, Oxford Academic, 16 Apr. 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843336.003.0011, accessed 9 Oct. 2024. 

“Stereotyping Printing.” Indiana State Library, 6 June 2016, blog.library.in.gov/stereotyping-printing/. Accessed 24 Sept. 2024. 

Valente, A. J. “Changes in Print Paper During the 19th Century.” Purdue E-Pubs, docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=charleston#:~:text=Seems%20that%20somewhere%20along%20the,%2C%20manila%2C%20and%20wood%20pulp. Accessed 7 Oct. 2024.

Watts, Isaac. “SONG I. A general Song of Praise to GOD.” Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive, 04 Jul 2024 (v1.11 (Summer 2024)). Web. 10 Oct 2024. https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/works/o5454-w0010.shtml 

Werner, Sarah. Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: a Practical Guide. Wiley Blackwell, 2019. 

The Westminster Shorter Catechism. 1648. 

WhatTheFont. Version 2.4, MyFonts Inc. WhatTheFont. 

 

At first glance, “Gospel Hymns Combined” seemed too minuscule to contain a complete set of hymns, let alone comprise a combination of several. Unlike typical hymnals, this tome fits in the palm of one’s hand—its unassuming appearance lending itself to the appeal of this little book of gospel hymns. But what was it about this pocket book that was so compelling that it should be donated to a coveted university archive?  The absence of musical notation suggests the owner to be well versed in prayer, and the general disrepair of the book further suggests the owner’s reliance towards it. Perhaps not only because of the verbal text contained within it, but also perhaps because of some deeper personal value. I wanted to discover what value this booklet added to the Dickinson cannon as well as possibly to better understand how owner functioned in their own time through the state of their keepsake.

The cover of the book has been worn down by what appears to have been frequent use, as well as by lignin oxidation due to environmental exposure over its almost 150 years of life (figure 1). Furthermore, there is no title embroidered along its cloth spine. However, the title as transcribed on the dust jacket, which appears to be identical to what would be read on the cover, reads “Gospel Hymns Combined” (figure 2) followed by various subtext “Embracing Volumes No. 1,2 and 3, as used in Gospel Meetings –and– Other Religious Services. Words Only” (figure1). These texts appear in various fonts most likely to catch the eye of the casual passerby, just as we do today with the cover of magazines. Thus, it follows that perhaps this was a widely available book, produced in mass and offered for pennies on the dollar. This is confirmed on the back cover of the book which states its price being offered for both single sale as well as bulk sale (figure 3) marketed towards Sunday schools.

Listed above the preface sits the copyright date of 1879 (figure 4), making it a first edition copy, as printing of the first edition began in 1879. The book was published by Biglow & Main of New York and Chicago, with John Church & Co. of Cincinnati and New York (figure 2). While no editor is credited within the book, the hymns included in this book were compiled and written by D.L Moody, P. P. Bliss, Ira D. Sankey, James McGranahan, and George C. Stebbins (figure 2). Notably however, Rev. Robert Lowry, W. Howard Doane, and Ira D. Sankey were highlighted on the back cover of the book, suggesting a greater part in the organization of the collected volumes, with P. P. Bliss getting notable credit for his work in composing many of the included hymns (figure 3).

The “Gospel Hymns Combined” has a total of 326 Hymns spanning 220 pages with a subsequent index section and is about 40 cm tall, 4 cm deep, and 20 cm wide, though there are no illustrations within the booklets pages despite its ample size. This may be because the paper is of low quality, which is easily discernible from the fragile nature and texture of the pages (figure 5). The pages have almost been fully oxidized and are very thin. Furthermore, hymnals are typically expensive, and the relative affordability of the little book (35¢) leads one to believe that the mass production of these booklets called for a large profit margin to be maintained, which would force the bookmakers to use cheaper paper to keep prices low. The book is bound in original boards, typical for the early 19th century (figure 6). However, because of the economical nature of this book, easily disposable boards were used with a paper jacket wrapped over the hardcover with the pages having been stitch-bound to the boards. Because of the sensational cover pages, the work utilizes several different fonts including Gothic No. 13, Modern/Scotch, Gothic No. 122, OS Extended, and Condensed No. 3, though the majority of the text is printed in Caslon.

The front matter contains a plain preface (figure 4) which outlines how the book came into existence as well as an advance to the reader that they might enjoy and find useful the hymns contained. Before the preface, and even before the dust jacket, is a flyleaf with an indistinguishable note in extravagant handwriting followed by what appears to be the ornate signature and handwriting of the author (figure 7) suggesting the author was a teacher or reverend at a Sunday school. Moreover, the scribbles on the back cover and flyleaf suggest that at least once, this book was in the possession of a child, leading one to believe that the wear and tear could have been exacerbated by frequent handling by children. Furthermore, Within the pages are various stains, rips, tears, bumps and bruises which give the book some life.on page 213, there appears to be a dog ear on the top right of the page, which, if intentional, could suggest a favorite hymn of the owner (figure 8). Included in the book is a card tucked between the pages, added many years later, to indicate that this book was donated to the Dickinson College Archives by Dean George Alan.

The book feels very personal to hold. It fits just about in the palm of one’s hand, making it feel more as an extension of one’s own body, as if you forget it is even there. The conventionality of the book’s design lends itself to this quality, which could be an intended purpose beyond its economical aspects. The book was intended for the reader to learn and eventually memorize its contents. The more one would use it, therefore, the less essential it becomes. It was meant to eventually become inconsequential to the reader.

The pages are laid out in sequential order beginning with the first hymn on page one with page numbers sitting in either the top left or right of the pages. The hymns are added one after the other in biblical fashion, with verses crossing over onto the subsequent page with a break between hymns indicated by a bold line. The first letter of each first word of every hymn is printed with a larger type face as was the custom.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Published in 1806 by Archibald Loudon, A Selection of One Hundred and Forty of the Most Favourite English, Scotch, Irish, and American Songs compiles these lyrics into just 228 small pages. Though only the opening title page displays the full title, publisher, and publishing date, this leaves space for the immense number of transcribed songs within the book. Just 4.5 inches in height, 2.5 in width, and approximately one inch in thickness, the songbook is beautifully pocket-sized—and durable for travel, too, considering it is in one piece despite its age.

Following the title page, A Selection opens with a table of contents that spans for six pages, listing the name of each song in alphabetical order and the corresponding page number. While the “Contents” are straightforward, the songs themselves in the book are listed in no particular order, and often with no specified tune. Occasionally, they feature extended titles: ones that provide hints towards the folks that compiled these “favourites,” specifying what makes the included song valued. For instance, the Marriage of Miss Catty O’ Donovan to Mr. Paddy O’ Rafferty is also included as “THE FAVOURITE NEW SONG OF TID RE I,” a unique title that makes the following lyrics feel novel in comparison to the surrounding transcriptions. Each song is separated only by a small, flower-like design, allowing each tiny page to be used to its fullest. Because A Selection focuses near-exclusively on the titles and lyrics of songs, with nothing but contents pages and the title page describing otherwise, the stories of the songs are front and center. Owners of this book may be expected to know the majority of the song tunes, or be left to enjoy the poetic musicality of the writing above the actual singing of it.

This copy is unassuming and subtly stylish, paired with the charm of its wear-and-tear. The outside features a cover of glossy brown finish, still visible in small spots. Its spine is a thin, richly-red leather, with a decorative gold design of simple lines and elaborate flowers stamped in. “SONGS” is the only word on the spine: an effective description of the book’s contents, as well as a reminder of how it holds these works of art in such high esteem. Within the pages, song titles are centered and in delicate italics, while lyric lines vary in indentation, alternating placement in a way that enhances their musicality without use of sound. Emphasized words or titles are capitalized: for example, the first word of each song, or extended titles. Punctuation is used just as expressively; many lines end in passionate exclamation points or question marks. 

The damage done to the book is perhaps a testament to its pocket-sized role as a companion and its sturdy construction. The texture of the spine’s top is worn, and the middle portion sags from being cracked. The cover’s condensed layers of pasteboard separate at the rounded corners, causing a medium brown, splotchy binding. Bits of solid, brown food can be found close to the book’s center when opened, and all pages suffer from some extent of browned liquid staining. The majority of page corners are folded, curled, slightly faded, or torn—the title page, especially, is torn, with one section ripped out from its side. However, the damage fails to render any text unreadable, likely due to the pages being fabric-based, making them more resistant in comparison to wood pulp. The most concerning damage—the damage obscuring the lyrics which the book seeks to preserve and share—is one small mistake in ink, located on page 201, which blocks some of the word “cheer.” 

A Selection appears to be well-loved in more ways than its sustained damage, as it contains curious writing on the inside of its covers as well as on its few blank start and end pages. I have not been able to make out the majority of the writing thus far, as it is significantly smudged and faded. In fact, some smudged handwriting on the back cover appears to have rubbed off from a separate paper altogether, with the book as a makeshift folder. Smeared ink covers one of the blank back pages. “Chas. H.” and an unclear surname is written above “Carlisle PA U.S.A” on the inside front cover. On the inside back cover: “George,” an unclear surname, “his Book 1838 song Book 1838.” George’s sincere ownership of this copy brings to mind a possible explanation for its damage—a long life alongside a person familiar with the compiled songs.

Though it has a long history stretching back to 1806, this copy of A Selection contains a significant air of mystery. The question of who compiled these lyrics, and why, weighs heavy on it. As I work to decipher the additional handwriting in its pages, including the surnames of its prior readers, I consider the mysteries of the book to be one of its best features. By pairing a genuine enjoyment of its music with curiosity, any reader like myself will discover an imaginative realm of possible stories of the life of A Selection.

Bibliography

A Selection of One Hundred and Forty of the Most Favourite English, Scotch, Irish, and American Songs. 1806. SC 398 87 S698. Dickinson College Archives & Special Collections.

Images taken by iPhone within the Dickinson College Archives.

English 222 is an introductory course in the Dickinson College English Department with a writing emphasis. Student posts explore their public-facing writing style,  describing aspects of the book they have adopted for the semester from the Dickinson College archive.  The goals for the course::

1. Explore the relationship between the book as a material object and the cultural, technical, and historical elements that influence and make the object. We focus upon the book in the West.
2. Establish methods of handling and examining books in their various forms. Explore through class readings the historical, theoretical, and imaginative writing on the book. Apply some of the methods of book making in hands-on projects. Work with the ideas of books in a semester-long project and a final project.
3. Understand the methods of critical bibliography and how bibliographic methods can engage literary theory and history. In the final project students will investigate a topic in book history with independent research and hands-on experimentation, presenting their work in original and persuasive use of media.